Abstract
The following paper examines the statements made in Betty Friedan's "The Problem That Has No Name" from "The Feminine Mystique" and in "A Black Feminist Statement" from 'All the Women are White, All the Blacks are Men, But Some of Us Are Brave' which reveal both differences and similarities in the problems faced by each group as well as how race, gender and generational perspectives influence each group?s response. The writer concludes that both groups had different experiences in their fights for equality based on their race, social status, economic class, sexual orientation and the time period in which they fought.

From the Paper
"Writing in 1963, Betty Friedan revealed the problems faced by white, middle-class housewives who were not content and fulfilled in their roles as wives and mothers. The account by The Combahee River Collective focuses on the experiences of black, socialist, lesbian women 1977. The desires, frustrations and proposed solutions of each group reflect their social status as well as their race and economic class."

Tags:african, american, black, collective, combahee, feminism, feminist, lesbian, river

Abstract
This paper consists of an interview with a woman who was born in Los Angeles in 1932, during the Depression to a black mother and a Mexican citizen father who had immigrated to the United States. In the paper, the interviewee speaks of her life growing up in Los Angeles and some of the challenges she faced due to her unusual parentage. She also discusses some information about her father Renaldo and how he came to America, and the experiences he had here and how he ultimately met and married her mother, Violetta. The paper also includes some discussion based upon what the interviewee learned in her studies of race and ethnicity and how one distinguishes different aspects of one's background and culture, and how this affects one's relationships with other members of the community. Finally, the paper includes a brief discussion of her siblings and her own grown children, and the decisions they themselves made in terms of selecting what they felt to be the most appropriate genetic matches for themselves, taking into account the experiences of their mother.

From the Paper
"Mrs. Diaz notes that her own reading and study has taught her that "Latin" is not a racial designation, but a language designation. While her Mexican father spoke Spanish, racially he was known as a mestizo, partly of Spanish descent and partly of Aztec descent, but, she tells us, "even he could not say in exactly what proportion," since an exact genealogy was long ago lost to memory over the generations. Like most mixed Mexicans, he did not fare as well in his country as more pure-blooded Spanish, who tended to rise to the upper castes; so, he emigrated to the United States. He worked in Arizona cotton fields, then migrated to California to work in fruit orchids; after saving some money he moved to Los Angeles to get involved in a small grocery store with a couple of partners. This would have been shortly before the Depression."

Tags:Hispanic, Chicano, Black, immigrant, black, Mexican, mestizo, African-American, Latin-American, Spanish

Abstract
This paper examines how Mary Mebane's essay, "Shades of Black," attests to intraracial struggles, which she discusses through first and second-hand accounts of prejudice and victimization carried out by those of her own race. It looks at how the essay contends that factors such as social class, skin color, and interracial matters between White Americans are slowly disrupting the unity within the Black community by causing disassociation between upper and lower class Blacks, by creating intraracial color-based prejudice and discrimination, and by causing African Americans to develop a habit of not fully addressing the biases within their own society.

From the Paper
"Another example of how divisions among social classes disrupts the unity among some Blacks can be seen right here at Clark Atlanta University. Many blacks on campus, especially females, disassociate themselves from other Blacks that they feel are not of the same social class as they are. One day I experienced this first hand after being denied a seat in the overcrowded cafeteria by a group of black girls because they said my clothes were too cheap. Both this example and the one in the previous paragraph give many Blacks a visual of how social class is dividing the race. As Mebane depicts, the same problem also existed in the 1960's. In her essay "Shades of Black," she claims that social class was one of the determining factors of one's status at North Carolina College at Durham. Children of the upper class that had doctors, educators, and lawyers for parents were considered the elite there (177). "

Tags:prejudice, discrimination, blacks, whites, social, class

Abstract
The paper argues that the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the Black Liberation Army (BLA) are domestic terror organizations because they advocate hatred and violence against certain groups, based on their race, their religion, or their gender. The paper relates that while the BLA is no longer active, the KKK still exists. The paper contends that members of the KKK are just as frightening and dangerous as any other terrorist organization, and they should be stopped and banned once and for all.

From the Paper
"Both of these groups are domestic terror organizations because they advocate hatred and violence against certain groups, based on their race, their religion, or their gender. They advocate domestic terror against their enemies, recruit new members to swell their ranks, and support violence as the underlying means to bring their message to the people. The American heritage dictionary defines terrorism as "Acts of violence committed by groups that view themselves as victimized by some notable historical wrong" (Editors, 2005). Both of these groups advocate violence as part of their doctrine, and they both advocate it because of perceived "wrongs" in society or against them. The Ku Klux Klan believes white Christians are a superior race and no other races should survive, while the Black Liberation Army believed that blacks in America had been wronged and that blacks should rise up violently against whites as a form of social justice."

Tags:violence, hatred, white, supremacy, blacks, Jews, gays

Abstract
This paper discusses how the veil metaphor according to Du Bois represents discrimination based on color and race in all aspects of the African-American's life: socially, economically, educationally and religiously.

From the Paper
"Du Bois borrows the veil notion which belongs to the religious women who cover themselves from strangers; cover their intelligence, beauty, souls and energies. They become not known or realized by others, and some of them may only wonder what's beneath the veil might be but without seeking to discover it. Du Bois uses of the metaphor Veil throughout the various chapters of his book to refer essentially to what separates blacks from whites, but he goes deeper and deeper to make us figure out the ugliest discrimination that based on color or race in the history. They didn't bother themselves to wonder what's beneath this veil, or seek to discover that marvelous beauty of their souls, intelligence, and their humanity; the veil prevents the whites to see the real blacks. "

Tags:blacks, discrimination

Abstract
This paper provides a discussion of language and how it is used to oppress minorities, based on a reading of the first five chapters of W.E.B. Du Bois', "The Souls of Black Folk". It argues language is not only used by whites to oppress but often causes conflict and paradox among African Americans.

From the Paper
"In "The Souls of Black Folk", W E B Du Bois targets two audiences. One is the white audience among whose members the author wishes to illustrate the humanity worth and dignity of African Americans. The other is the African ..."

Tags:racism, prejudice, blacks, social institutions, Freedmen?s Bureau, slavery, bigotry

Abstract
This paper looks at how, in her essay, "Why Black Sexual Politics", Patricia Hill Colins analyzes portrayals of black sexuality in the white-dominated media and in a white-dominated culture. The paper discusses how Collins argues that black bodies and black sexuality have been appropriated and manipulated by the dominant culture to perpetuate cycles of oppression and how this oppression does not end with racism but extends through to gender-based oppression, heterosexism, and class inequities.

From the Paper
"Collins shows how and why black sexuality continues to be presented as deviant, as wild, animalistic, primitive, and savage. When racism was overt, black sexuality was directly associated with animal perversion. Racism has gone underground in a sense; racism is now color-blind but continues to dictate ways black sexuality is portrayed in the mainstream media. Collins uses Beyonce, Destiny's Child, and Jennifer Lopez of icons of the new black sexuality and therefore, of the new racism. These artists and others like them have profited from the myth of black sexuality, capitalizing ironically on the new racism. Black sexuality is, however, an "invented discourse," notes Collins (p. 28). White media moguls and politicians have invented and wielded the discourse to maintain a position of domination and authority in society."

Tags:heterosexism, racism, oppression

Abstract
This paper explains the various aspects of the need for empowering the African-American people. The author points out that the most important argument in the book is that African-Americans need to develop a particular type of consciousness in order for black liberation to occur, which Carmichael and Hamilton refer to as "Black Power". The paper relates that the book states that integration (or desegregation) is not an adequate solution to the problem of oppression because it is based on the assumption that there is nothing of value in the black community and it merely results in integrating 'acceptable' black people into the middle-class white community.

From the Paper
"Although "Black Power" was written in the late 1960s, the ideas contained in the book are still, for the most part, applicable in the present day. Obviously, African Americans have not yet attained full equality with the whites in American society. The views expressed by Carmichael and Hamilton are well stated, and thus their arguments are convincing. In addition, it is important to note that the way to liberation from oppression, according to "Black Power", is not "radical" per se, although it requires a great deal of courage and determination on the part of the black people themselves."

Tags:empowering, equality, consciousness, desegregation, coalitions

Abstract
The paper uses scientific data to support the claim that based on what is known by astronomers both about black holes and about our galaxy. The author finds that the scenario of a growing black hole is unlikely and would have already been discovered by multiple laboratories that exist to monitor our skies. The writer continues with a forecast of defense for which scientists are prepared in the event of the threat of a black hole.

From the Paper
"The Schwarzschild radius also helps marks the point at which the gravity is so great that no state of matter can withstand it. This distance falls at approximately a factor of twice the Schwarzschild radius; the exact value has not been determined. However, the effect of its gravity on distant orbiting objects remains unchanged. The gravity pull is determined as a force originating at and acting on the centers of the objects. When the star collapses into a black hole, its center of mass remains the same, thus having no effect on the orbiting objects."

Tags:astronomy, galaxy, skies, force, science

Abstract
The paper explores the literature and statistics on complaints about work discrimination based on race, on the treatment of black job applicants and on the equality of raises and promotions in the workforce. The paper looks at the findings of these studies that all provide evidence that black male workers suffer from discrimination in getting hired and in obtaining raises and promotions on the basis of race. The paper concludes with recommendations for leaders and employers regarding employees of color.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results
Summary, Conclusion and Recommendations

From the Paper
"The authors discuss the findings of a Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality that Black workers are far likelier to complain about discrimination at work than white workers. Those who do also show statistical evidence of wage discrimination. The study also found little evidence to support the moral hazard argument. This argument held that employers tend to be reluctant to hire Black workers to avoid the risk of groundless lawsuits. Black workers filed discrimination complaints far more than whites and evidence bears statistically discernible racial discrimination behind these complaints. This is not the same with whites. These complainants were also subjected to wage discrimination, which was not done to white workers. And the moral effect argument states that employers are disinclined to hire Blacks so as to avoid possible lawsuits filed by them. Employers intend to avoid the legal hazard of being sued for a violation. This study did not support the argument."

Tags:discrimination, prejudice, applicants, raises, bonuses, promotions