Abstract
This paper describes the historical development of Black Americans in the USA since the Civil War. It is divided up into sections covering the periods between 1865-1876,1877-1920,1921-1945,1946-1976, 1976-present, addressing all the economic, literary, political, religious and social changes that occurred during the progression.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
1865-1876
1877-1920
1921-1945
1946-1976
1976-Present

From the Paper
''The history of black people in the United States of America dates black to the days of the slave trade when Africans were brought to America to work as slaves. During their stay in America, through out history, the black people have experienced various economic, literary, political, religious and even social changes. There were also notable personalities who influenced some of these changes in the lives of the blacks in America. This paper will address the historical progression of blacks in the United States of America over the period between 1865-1876,1877-1920,1921-1945,1946-1976, 1976-present, addressing all the aforementioned changes that occurred during the progression.
''The American civil war ended and was followed by a period called reconstruction.''

Tags:black American, history, progression, historic, units

Abstract
The following paper examines how a number of black Americans lived through tumultuous times and faced brutal racism, however despite the hardships they all went through they are success stories. The writer focuses on their history, how some came out of impoverished backgrounds and others from modest income families. This paper briefly looks at the successes and failures of Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Oprah Winfrey, Tiger Woods , Bill Cosby, Sarah King and Michael Jordan, their inner strength of spirit, and the way in which over the years they have transformed themselves as they worked towards making their dreams a reality.

From the Paper
"Of course, there was the memory of Martin Luther King. The flamboyant Jesse Jackson was often on news programs. Oprah Winfrey was the one black person who not only gained entry into millions of living rooms but also was welcomed warmly. For years Black Americans gained recognition for their ability in baseball, basketball, football and tennis. But it was Oprah who changed the viewpoints of millions of Americans who identified with the compassionate woman. She not only became a household name, but a woman whom viewers held in high esteem regardless of their race. Her political agenda transcended party lines. She wanted to make a difference for black people, and to make this world a better place. She is respected for her ethical and moral approach to the issues of today. "Her style reached out and connected with what every woman was thinking because she asked the questions and said the things that they understood." (Mair 78) There weren't a lot of black people on Chicago television in 1985, but Oprah's show A.M. Chicago was a big hit."

Tags:prejudice, racism, spokespersons, white, Americans, recognition, politics, agenda, ethical, moral

Abstract
In this paper the author discusses the situation of Black Americans and assesses whether the abolishment of slavery has provided any greater protection under the law. The author starts at the beginning of the 19th century and looks at how Blacks were taken into slavery and brought to America. The author moves on to discuss the Missouri Compromise and the discussions that took place regarding ?slave free states?. The author then discusses then various laws that were passed during the 19th century and how the issue of slavery was eventually brought before the nation.

From the paper:

?For a brief period during Reconstruction, many African Americans voted, and some were elected to public office. In the late 1870?s, however, enthusiasm for ensuring black equality waned in both the North and the Republican Party, and by 1877, when federal troops were withdrawn from the South, blacks were left to the power of whites committed to restoring white supremacy.?

Tags:slavery, protection, law, alexis, de, toqueville, democracy, in, america, equitable, rights, enslavement, racial, discrimination, american, civil, war, henry, clay, missouri, compromise, union, daniel, webster, john, c, calhoun, stephen, douglas, compromise, of, 1850, the, fugitive, slave

Abstract
This paper explains that, if people do not have exposure to a variety of individuals from different races and cultures on a daily or frequent basis, the media then becomes their primary source of stereotypes from which to form judgments of various ethnic groups. It points out that unfortunately, culture and class stereotypes are still prevalent in the media today, especially with regard to African-Americans. The author points out many specific examples in film, television shows and crime-related television news stories where Black Americans are being portrayed as violent, ignorant and racist more often than White Americans. The paper stresses that Americans will never learn to respect each other as long as one race is glorified at the expense of another race; therefore, all consumers, minority and "majority", should make an economic statement about better quality programming by applying pressure on sponsors.

From the Paper
"The issue of the black coach goes far deeper than wins and losses on the football field. Owners have demonstrated all too often that the bottom line is not the number in the win column. Reasons provided for not hiring more black coaches range from not knowing the person, to not wanting a person of color in charge. Owners and general managers know who is in charge, and they demonstrate a belief that they can achieve their objectives with those who share a common ground. The bottom line is that it's inexcusable for a disproportionate representation of black coaches in both collegiate and professional sports, where there is such a high representation of participants."

Tags:blaxploitation, sports, subservient, segregated, gangsters

Abstract
The paper relates the history of black Americans starting from the pre-Civil War period. It includes a description of the life of free blacks in the pre-civil war period, the life of a southern plantation slave, the roles of free blacks and slaves during the civil war, and the reconstruction period.

From the Paper
"Although numerous discriminatory laws restricted their lives even in the colonial period, freed African Americans, particularly in the North, were active participants in American society. Black men enlisted as soldiers and fought in the American Revolution and the War of 1812. Some owned land, homes, businesses, and paid taxes. In some Northern cities, for short periods, black property owners voted. A very small number of free blacks owned slaves. "

Tags:black, slave

Abstract
The paper explores whether documenting and researching Black-American history, especially individual family history, has an impact on Black-American students' attitude and behavior. The paper discusses the move away from an African-American identity to a distinctly Black-American identity. The paper relates that teaching the history and stories of Black-Americans has served to inspire and motivate Black-American students towards a more successful academic life. The paper concludes that Black-American students today are aware that their cultural heritage and tradition began in Africa, yet, informed with the stories of their past, their attitude is that they are predominantly Americans.

Outline:
Introduction
Background
Family and Community History and Student Attitudes and Behavior

From the Paper
"The history of Black Americans is one that began as slavery and oppression. It is only during the twenty years that Black Americans have had the full range of education, opportunity, and social equality to partake in the American dream. It was a long road to that point, and there remain challenges to be overcome, but the road towards overcoming those remaining challenges began with America's Civil War and freeing Black Americans from the condition of slavery. Many have traveled the road on behalf of equality and Civil Rights, and the challenges that remain today are the social and psychological barriers that prevent Black Americans from embracing the opportunities that were hard won on their behalf."

Tags:society, culture, heritage, traditions, community, education, authors

Abstract
In examining, defining, and analyzing Black American culture, it is evident that it has developed since the 18th century in accordance with a variety of factors such as African cultural and social traditions, and has been impacted by social influences in the United States, by cultural differences between races, and by societal reactions. In order to address these issues, the history of Black American Culture, family relationships and class structure, common beliefs and values, and religion and spirituality will be examined, analyzed, and discussed.

From the Paper
An Analysis of Black American Culture Introduction In examining, defining, and analyzing Black American culture, it is evident that it has developed since the 18^th century in accordance with a variety of factors such as African cultural and social traditions, and has been impacted by social influences in the United States, by cultural differences between races, and by societal reactions. In order to fully address these issues, the history of Black American Culture, family

Tags:black, american, culture

Abstract
This paper reviews two articles; "Legalism and its Discontents: the Case of Reparations for Black Americans," by John Torpey, which examines the limits of the law in the case for reparations and the history of reparations in America and "Superseding Historical Injustice,"Jeremy Waldron's thesis of supersession in regards to historical injustices. It applies an ethical theory in an attempt to understand current debates and examines the limits of the legal system in advancing the case for reparations. According to Waldron, changing circumstances may have the potential to change the moral legitimacy of a particular injustice. By juxtaposing these views, the paper formulates a complex analysis of reparations and its political, moral, and legal obligations and repercussions.

From the Paper
"Reparations for slavery of African Americans have never been fully acknowledged as a plausible means to resolve past injustices of slavery and legal segregation in America. Despite blatant disparities in wealth, education, and mortality, neither Americans nor the government have sought to rectify or recognize these perpetual injustices. Evidence of reparations for slavery date back to the Civil War Era in 1865, with ``forty acres and a mule'' and more recently with the Farmer-Paellman suit filed in 2002 against corporations who allegedly profited from slavery. Philosophical and ethical debates on the subject of reparations have been intense and inconclusive but the fact that the present conditions of the African-American community are inextricably linked to a history of slavery and unequal opportunity is undeniable. Jeremy Waldron's analysis of the theory of historical injustice and his thesis of supersession address the ethical and theoretical dimensions of reparations. Waldron's argument emphasizes the importance of changing circumstances in determining moral legitimacy but falls short in addressing slavery as an injustice."

Tags:African-Americans, ethics, equality, legalism, injustice, aboriginal

Abstract
The writer of this paper contends that Tavis Smiley's "How to Make Black America Better: Leading African Americans Speak Out" is a cry for black Americans to support their communities and respect themselves. This paper details the 10 challenges in Smiley's book, most of which focus on issues such as education, money and health. This paper analyzes the author's contention that black Americans, compared to whites, are at an overall disadvantage. This paper examines many of the essays in the book, penned by various writers, which deal with racism, ridicule and disrespect for no other reason than race. Among the many concerns, other than health, poverty and education, this book discusses the need for political involvement and the patronage of black businesses which is still a major obstacle that African-Americans need to overcome.

From the Paper
"Some of this discrimination is intentional, but there is also discrimination that is not deliberate, but simply happens because of the way that laws are written or the way that things have always been done. This is the kind of discrimination that should be addressed and changed, because it can be altered much more easily than dealing with the hatred of a few people that will always discriminate as much as they can get away with, as often as they can. Smiley's collection of essays indicate that this type of hatred cannot really be stopped or avoided, but that there are always legal and reliable ways for black Americans to do well and succeed if that is the path that they choose. The essays also show that black Americans must be made aware of this path and that they have the option of being more than what they are."

Tags:book, review, literature, african, american, racism, poverty, political

Abstract
Every culture has forms of music they feel closer to, music that they feel is more relevant. This paper discusses the music the black community felt closer to and uses events in the twentieth century to explain why the relationship between black culture and music developed the way it did.

From the Paper
"As such, no huge political statements were made by jazz in the time of segregation and second-class citizenship. It didn't start riots and spark causes in the name of change-rather, it turned a smile to the world. It did, however, contain the grain that allowed more politically-minded genres and movements to come about. One of the most memorable songs of the jazz era was "Strange Fruit." The song about lynching was recorded at the "put on a happy face" time when Ella Fitzgerald's "A-Tisket, A-Tasket" was number one on the charts. (Margolick 16) Sixteen years before Rosa Parks inspired the historic bus boycotts in Montgomery, Alabama, Billie Holiday's haunting ballad vividly depicted the hanging of black Americans. "

Tags:bebp, blues, hiphop, jazz, rock, roll, soul