Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the field of forensic odontology deals with the study of teeth and uses scientific research and analysis for application to the legal system. The writer points out that forensic odontologists use the unique pattern of bite marks, to retrieve and if possible cast a 3D impression, ultimately matching them to the suspect's teeth having the highest probability. The writer discusses that forensic odontologists play crucially important roles in identification of victims and suspects. Bite marks are being used more often as a means of recognition, but it must be done with restraint as our knowledge in this field is still far from complete. The writer concludes that as time moves forward, it is imminent that new technologies will narrow down the gap between bite mark analysis, and the more established methods such as fingerprints that have been predominating much of forensics.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Human Teeth in Forensic Odontology
A Brief History
Bite marks and Forensics
Dental Records
Bite mark Analysis
Application in Forensics
Bite mark Processing
Advantages and New Developments
Limitations
Conclusion
From the Paper "The first time that teeth were used to identify bodies dates back to 1849, after a fire at the opera in Vienna. By the 1890s, there was a recorded case of a woman who was murdered close to the city of Paris. It was apparent that the woman had been strangled, knowing that strangulation victims sometimes manage to bite their attacker, the autopsy surgeon decoded to make impression casts of the victim's teeth. Approximately a week later a Frenchman was arrested and when the police noticed bitemarks on one of his hands, they decided the marks to the victim's dental cast, it was a perfect match.
"In a more amusing case, in 1903 Cumberland, a burglar broke into a home and during his looting he decided to help himself to a piece of cheese, he was later caught and convicted based on his teeth mark in the cheese."
This paper reviews an article titled 'A New Bit on Toddler Biting- The Influence of Food, Oral Motor Development, and Sensory Activities' by Ramming, Kyger and Thompson published in "Young Children".
Abstract This paper explains that one of the most upsetting events for parents and children is when a child is bitten by another child. The author points out that the article addresses this problem from the standpoint of developmental problems including oral motor development, sensory integration and behavioral organization. The paper relates that Ramming, Kyger and Thompson believe that the best way to stop children from biting is to meet their developmental needs. The author surmises that, basically, children bite in reaction to different senses that they do not understand. The paper cites that the article suggests that the ways to prevent biting includes feeding the children foods that they can chew on and giving them oral stimulation brushes and other chewing objects.
From the Paper "The authors believe biting is linked to oral development or the suck, swallow, and breathe synchrony. Children bite in order to change the environment. When a child feels stressed, the child bites to ease the stress. Sensory integration is related to the normal vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch, but also proprioceptive sense, vestibular sense, and tactile sense. When any of these are threatened, a child may bite (Running, Kyger, and Thompson, 2006, 18). Children cannot understand many of the senses that they are feeling so they bite to reduce the stress. The hypothesis by the authors states centers on the belief that a child bites when he is trying to respond to a situation but lacks the ability to handle the situation."
Tags: chewing, caregiver, development, snacks, list
Abstract This essay explores the parallels between Ernest Hemingway's "The Sun Also Rises" and the film "Reality Bites". Human nature is depicted as realistically as
possible and allegorical characters show the unwavering parallels of all people.
Abstract This paper examines how nail biting overtly appears to be an insignificant and a common bad habit and how medical and psychological research does not have the same opinion on the correct rationale for the behavior. It shows how research findings point to the fact that the bad habit of nail biting can be a consequence of a number of medical ailments such as nervous tension or constant worry but can also be merely an ordinary bad habit. Remedy of this bad habit varies according to the individual however, frequent grooming and the sense of self care play a vital role in effectively eradicating nail biting.
From the Paper "In most cases, nail biters relieve their tensions by biting nails. Thus this habit is taken to be a tension reliever by most people. In individuals who are not accustomed to nail biting, the habit can be generated through any sort of discord in their family, group of friends, workmates, or school colleagues.
On the whole, the habit of nail biting is a replacement of one drawback with another problem, based on the reason of the nail biter. Ninety nine percent of individuals who are into the habit of nail biting either have inconsiderable issues that bring about anxiety, or have this as an unchanging habit. Very few nail biters have deeper emotional complexities that result in nail biting (McClanahan, 1995)."
Abstract In Ellen Goodman's essay, "The Culture of Thin Bites-Fijian Teens", the writer argues against the thin culture that the United States is responsible for injecting around the world. The paper examines how Goodman distinctly uses the three forms of rhetoric, ethos, pathos, and logos, in her piece, making her arguments seem valid and authentic.
From the Paper "Logos comes next in this argument, as after presenting an overview of Fijian values before 1995, Goodman proves that television was indeed responsible for the massive transformation during 1995. She backs her argument with the help of sound factual information and presents important statistics. Goodman incorporates facts, which prove that after 1995, major changes were noticed in the behavior of Fijian youth as far as body image was concerned. It was precisely in 1995 that Fijians got access to international television channels and within months after that, there was a dramatic change in the attitude of youth towards body image and diet."
Abstract This paper examines how although forensic odontology has taken a back seat in the public eye to the notorious DNA, it was at the time, the only forensic technology available during the trial of the notorious rapist and murderer Ted Bundy. It looks at how his heinous fetish of biting, in conjunction with forensic odontology proved to be the most crucial role in "Florida vs. Theodore Robert Bundy".
From the Paper "Forensic odontology provides physical evidence and gives the judicial system the ability to place, or not place an individual at the scene of a crime. The theory behind forensic odontology is that no two mouths are alike (even identical twins are different), and that teeth, like tools, leave recognizable marks. Thus leading one to believe that, "for a positive identification, only one point of concordance be unique, similar and individual" ( ). "A bite mark, however, in all reality is not an overwhelming accurate representation of the teeth. A lot depends on the mechanics of jaw movement and use of the tongue. Inside the mouth, the lower jaw (mandible) is movable and usually delivers the most biting force, the upper jaw (maxilla) is stationary, holding and stretching the skin" (1)."
Abstract This paper examines the severity of wounds affecting the facial areas and looks at how facial disfigurement not only destroys the personality of the sufferer but it also impairs vital function if the wound affects the nostrils and the mouth. It enables both students and the laymen to understand the medical principles involved in treating wounds in the facial areas which vary according to the nature of the wound. Wounds may be either contusions, abrasions or lacerations. It also covers the treatment of burn patients as well as wounds inflicted during warfare and dog bites.
Outline:
Wounds and Injuries in the Facial Area
Facial Wounds
Classification of Wounds
Treatment of Wounds
Contusions
Abrasions
Prevention of Traumatic Tattoo
Lacerations
Puncture Type of Penetrating Wounds
Gunshot, Missile and War Wounds
Foreign Bodies
Treatment of Burns
Therapy
Burns in Mass Casualty Care
Miscellaneous Burns
Intraoral Wounds
Electrical Burns in Children
Dog Bites Severed Parotid Ducts
From the Paper "Trauma to the facial area produces a variety of injuries. These injuries may be simple and limited to the soft tissues, or they may be complex and involve the underlying skeletal structures. Of all injuries, none perhaps are of more concern to the patient than those involving the facial region. All efforts therefore should be directed toward restoration of the injured parts to normal or as near normal as possible. Regardless of the type of wound encountered, early care is of the utmost importance to ensure restoration of normal function and prevent facial disfigurement."
Abstract This paper discusses the threats of infectious organisms, with a focus on their ports of entry. The paper explains that typical portals of entry include the mouth, ears, eyes, urethra, nose, and skin, while non-typical portals might include wounds, broken skin, insect bites, or even animal bites or stings. The paper explores the E. coli bacteria, Hepatitis A ,and Guardia Lamblia, providing explanations of how these diseases may be contracted and various methods for treatment and prevention.
Outline
Introduction
The Mouth and Gastrointestinal Tract
Defense Mechanisms
The E. coli Bacteria
E. Coli Taxonomy and Virulence
Treatment and Prevention
Hepatitis A
Taxonomy
Treatment and Prevention
Guardia Lamblia
Taxonomy
Treatment and Prevention
Conclusions
From the Paper "Indeed, the specialized preferences of many organisms with regard to ports of entry are so consistent that it is often taken as a hallmark of a particular organism in the diagnosis phase. This is especially important when one notes that the symptoms of characteristic of a specific infection usually give clear clues as to the point of entry. Although it is important to consider the point of entry when diagnosing the cause of illness in a patient, it can also be important for many aspects of disease prevention, especially when a high risk for a particular organism is present in one's environment. For example, if one knows that he or she is working in an environment where there is a high incidence of an airborne pathogen, steps can be taken (the wearing of masks the use of patient isolation procedures for example) to minimize possible exposures to that pathogen."
Abstract There is a new technology of criminal activity which involves the use electronic means of communication in committing crimes. This paper looks in greater depth at some of these issues by examining the FBI Carnivore system, how it was developed, what its capacities are, and the problems civil libertarians and others see.
From the paper:
"It has a ferocious name. And its bark is in fact probably just about as bad as its bite. And while it certainly has the power to do good, the inherent costs may make it not worthwhile.
The FBI's Carnivore system is a tool used by this law enforcement agency to snare criminals who use electronic means of communication in committing their crimes, allowing this federal agency to collect and examine email and other electronic traffic sent and received by those suspected or accused of crimes ? along, of course, with the rest of us. While the crime-fighting capacities of such a capability can be seen to be substantial, it should also be clear that such a system has the ability (if improperly used) to cause substantial harm to the rights of the innocent because most people do not realize that their electronic correspondence can be seized and examined. An essential bedrock of the American legal system (and indeed of American culture) rests on the English common-law assumption that people have a basic right to privacy and that unless they should assume or know otherwise that they have a presumption of that privacy. Thus a person shouting on a public street has no reasonable expectation of privacy. A person sitting at her computer sending email to her mother does."
Abstract This paper looks at the book, "Girl, Interrupted," which is the autobiographical account of Susanna Kaysen's life just after her graduation from high school in the late 1960s. The movie, is an adaptation of the book. The author reviews both works, which deal with a woman with borderline personality disorder, one of the most common, and misdiagnosed types of mental illness facing women.
From the paper:
"Another anecdote from the book that meets the DSM-IV criteria for diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is Susanna's dissociative episode. One day while simply sitting in a chair in the common room at the hospital, Susanna had the random notion that she had no bones in her hand. Susanna instantly, and for no apparent reason, became completely convinced that there were no bones in her hand. She was thus immensely disturbed and resolved to bite down on her hand until it bled in an attempt to get all the way down to the bone. Susanna felt as though she must see her bones to know that they are there and she refused to take anyone's word for it. This psychotic episode seems as though it may also be tied to a feeling of emptiness."
Abstract This essay examines the main issues that were involved in the contentious debate over American literary nationalism at the beginning of the 19th century in the United States. The English critic Sidney Smith's biting comment "Who reads an American book"? is discussed, in terms of how it continued, and helped perpetuate, the debate about American literary nationalism. Further, this essay outlines how Washington Irving's tales in "The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon" helped to fulfill the need for a unique, American literature that was noted by the Englishman Sidney Smith.
From the Paper "There were several main issues that fired the contentious debate over American literary nationalism at the beginning of the 19th century, in the United States. The debate surrounded the apparent inability of American authors to produce quality literature. Certainly, America had received its political independence from Britain long before the 19th century, but in terms of art and literature, America had failed to produce works that were equal (of better) in quality to those produced in Great Britain. Certainly, and most importantly, the major point of this debate was that there was no clearly unique style of American literature. Equally important was the perception that the American literature produced was inferior in quality to that produced by British authors (Early). Interestingly, this inability to produce quality literature was reflected in the lacklustre sense of American cultural identity. In Adventures in American Literature: Classic Edition, James Early suggests that a strong sense of American cultural identity needed to be rooted in a "significant national literature"."
Tags: novel, literature, american, national, book, english
From the Paper "This paper is a study of orthodontistry, the dental specialty concerned with straightening teeth and correcting malocclusion, problems with the way the teeth come together to chew food. Orthodontics provides patients with cosmetic improvements in the look of the face and the line of the jaw. It can also improve chewing and reduce irregular wear on teeth. It can cut down on stress to the jaw and gums, as well as improve the patient's ability to breathe. Experts disagree on the extent to which orthodontal adjustments are necessary to correct minor anomalies. Nevertheless, they agree that most orthodontic work should be planned and carried out by an orthodontic specialist, rather than a general dentist. Orthodontia is one of the most complex of the dental specialties, requiring considerable training beyond the dental degree and necessitating continuing.."
Abstract This paper examines the West Nile Virus, a form of encephalitis only found in the United States within the last three years which is spread by mosquitoes. West Nile Virus has infected far more people than has been reported in the media because most people have either very mild symptoms or none at all. It describes the main symptoms such as a fever with some gastro-intestinal discomfort and shows how the elderly are the most susceptible. It looks at problems in actually diagnosing the disease properly due to the vagueness of the symptoms, physicians cannot tell from a physical examination alone whether the person has the disease or not, the only definate way is through a blood test. Since as yet there is no vaccine against the disease for humans, the only way to prevent the disease is to prevent mosquito bites. It provides a number of suggestions for people to minimize their risk for acquiring West Nile Virus.
From the Paper "When people are outdoors, they should use insect repellent with DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide). This chemical has been proven in research to be the most effective mosquito repellant. In addition, people are advised to cover as much skin as possible, using full-length pants and long-sleeved shirts. The clothes should be sprayed with insect repellant also, or mosquitoes may be able to bit them through their clothing. If the clothes aren?t sprayed, then the skin under the clothes should be (CDC, 2002). They also recommend staying indoors when mosquitoes are most likely to be out: dawn, and dusk through early evening."
Abstract Examination of the widow spiders as most dangerous to humans in North America. Spiders as arthopods. Scientific analysis of the species. Webs of black widow. Three types of black widow spiders in the U.S. Description of the Southern, Western and Northern female. The European black widow. Adult male black widow spiders. Mating process. Spider bites.
From the Paper "Spiders are arachnids, a group of arthropods which includes scorpions, harvestmen, mites, and ticks (Akre, Catts and Antonelli, 2001). Spiders have jointed legs and a hard external or outer skeleton. They have four pairs of legs, and the body is divided into two sections, the cephalothorax and the abdomen, whereas insects have six legs and their bodies are divided into three sections, head, thorax and abdomen. Spiders have no wings or antennae, but they do have large, sharply pointed jaws which are their fangs (chelicerae).
All spiders are predators, and they feed on a variety of insects and other soft-bodied invertebrate animals (Akre, Catts and Antonelli, 2001). Spiders attack and subdue their prey by biting them with their fangs and injecting them with poison. All spiders spin silk, but not all of them use it to spin webs. Most ..."
Abstract This paper examines how the 1990 Gulf War, more than any other U.S. military action, showed how important a role the media played in international politics. It looks at how television in particular was the most efficient way for governments to develop and invoke their ideals into the public eye. It examines how every cable news channel in the U.S. carried the latest news and information packed full of images, video and fast sound bites, all in the place of perspective and analysis and shows how analysis and perspective was left for the magazines and newspapers.
From the Paper "By the second day, the obligatory war coverage was joined by more opinion and political coverage. The papers seem careful to not take a position directly contrary to the war effort, but with smugness that only can be found in east coast journalism, these two papers began debating who the most charismatic TV talking head had been on the opening night of armed conflict. A Washington Times article asked "TV talkers: Who did it best"? Another piece lit matches between the toes of democratic congressmen George Mitchell and Tom Foley, reminding them how difficult it would be in the days ahead to stay opposed to a popular president who is executing a popular war."
