Abstract This paper discusses the French Revolution and the events that occurred before and after August 4, 1789. The paper shows that the civil constitution of the clergy in France made it impossible to separate the Church and State. It suggests that this separation did eventually happen at the end of the revolutionary government and discusses why this was so.
Table of Contents:
The Civil Constitution of the Clergy
The Analysis
Conclusion
From the Paper "The revolution would not have been any less violent had the Civil Constitution of the Clergy not been created. The violence was raging prior to its creation, and it was only after the bishops refused to swear the oath of the decree that they were in harm's way. The provinces and the cities were compromised of different, not like minds, and, therefore, when those men who had remained quietly in the background and allowing Robespierre to manipulate the new government in the philosophies of Rousseau felt it was time to move to their power bases by ousting Robespierre, then the atmosphere that existed between the provinces and the cities were such that it could be accomplished without threat of revolt against the government."
Tags:bishopgovernmentdecreeseparation, church and state
Abstract This paper shows, through the work of the Bishop of Speyer in the 11th century, how though individuals during the Middle Ages were full of good intentions and tried to protect the Jews, in reality their actions added fuel to the anti-Semitism already rife in Europe. By allowing Jews to lend money, purchase gold, and the right to slaughter animals and sell them to the Christians, the problems of the time were heightened. The paper includes a discussion on the use of walls in Jewish history, used to keep Jews in and the other citizens protected and out. In Bishop Speyer's time, the purpose of the wall is to not only surround the Jewish populace, but also keep them out of the city. This means they also have to protect themselves from external violence. The paper finally discusses the Crusades and the resulting massacres of the Middle Ages.
From the Paper "When first hearing about the decree made by the Bishop of Speyer made in 1084 that offers a place "out of town" for the Jews, it sounds relatively harmless if not positive. However, it is necessary to understand what is occurring behind the scenes that makes this a negative and harmful "gift and concession."
"The Bishop of Speyer says that he will bring in the Jews and place them outside the town away from the rest of the citizens and surrounded by a wall. This will be given to them on the condition that they pay 3 1/2 pounds every year. In addition, they have "full power to change silver and gold and to buy and sell what they please" and a cemetery with rights of inheritance. They can sell slaughtered meat, which they cannot eat, to Christians. This Jewish group will also have its own law, with the Rabbi hearing cases between Jews or against them. "But if by chance he is unable to decide any of them they shall go to the bishop or his chamberlain." They need to guard their own area. Lastly, they have the same privileges as other Jews in Germany."
Abstract The debate raging about whether or not Billy Bishop is a war hero or a war fraud has driven deep divisions into the historical field. This paper explores the enduring controversy and argues that while the arguments against Bishop appear compelling at first they are met by thoughtful opposition by respected scholars who are quick to note that Bishop's critics hardly have the sort of unambiguous information they need to make sweeping denunciations about the man and his legacy.
Abstract This paper discusses the concept of the separation of Church and State, as applied in the United States today. The paper discusses the history of this concept and suggests that according to Thomas Jefferson, the concept was originally created in order to protect religion from government intervention, not the other way around. It discusses and presents other points of view that agree with this analysis.
From the Paper "Next, we have Jefferson's view on the subject, which seems to be quite evident. Jefferson believed that this amendment was specifically put in place to protect the church for the state's governing. He believed that the government should never impose a state-wide religion that was mandatory by law. This was mainly to do because that's the main reason why they left England altogether, in order to be free form the king's religious laws. I think that if he saw prayer out of schools and other religious controversies he would be shocked. He would most likely be shocked that America's people are trying so hard to take God out of society especially when God was one of the main ideas this country was founded upon. I believe that eventually he would understand on some cases that yes, not everyone is a Christian and those that aren't don't want to be made to participate in the Christian practices; especially for the fact that he wouldn't want to be required to partake in a Muslim tradition or a tradition of any other religion for that matter. I'm sure that he wouldn't want to see things taken out of our society in which he helped place them there."
Abstract In this essay, the writer examines the doctrine of the separation of powers. The writer discusses why it continues to be significant in the study of the law which regulates agency procedures and behavior.
From the Paper "When the framers wrote the U.S. Constitution, one of their core beliefs was that government had to be limited in order to protect the republic from tyranny. Government was intended to derive its power from the consent of those governed. One of the framers biggest concerns was that one of the three branches of government executive judicial and legislative would usurp the power of the others, thereby upsetting the balance of power, so carefully crafted into the Constitution by them. In Hamilton's Federalist ... "
Tags: U.S. Constitution, Federalist # 78, executive, judicial, legislative branches of government, politics, foreign policy, Supreme Court, president
Abstract This paper argues that James Madison's role in the creation of the U.S. federal government from the early Continental Congress to the Bill of Rights, including the Annapolis Convention, the Constitutional Convention, the Federalist papers and other contributions, was the most important among the Founding Fathers. The author contends that had it not been for the genius and foresight of James Madison, citizens would not enjoy the protection of several important civil liberties; indeed, without Madison's contributions, the country might not even exist as a sovereign republic today. The paper relates that Madison's constitutional vision of limited government set the base for the American liberty.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Review and Discussion
Background and Overview
Madison's Role at the Annapolis Convention and Continental Congress
Madison's Contributions to the Bill of Rights
Madison and "The Federalist"
Conclusion
From the Paper "According to one biographer, James Madison was "A giant in intellect, who convinced the squabbling states to send representatives to Philadelphia over 200 years ago to 'form a more perfect union.' For the Constitutional Convention, he prepared a scheme of national government untried in the world." This "untried scheme" was necessary because, on the national level, the Articles of Confederation had made the single-branched Continental Congress responsible for conducting the war, for administering foreign relations, and for handling other matters of national concern; however, they had not entrusted the Congress with the power to tax and provided no power to enforce its decisions. "In other words," McDonald notes, "compliance with its decisions was to be voluntary.""
Abstract This paper discusses the 1991 television docudrama,"Separate but Equal", that details the story of Brown v. Board of Education, the 1954 landmark Supreme Court ruling to desegregate public schools.
Tags: Movie, Docudrama, Television, Separate, Equal, Education, African-Americans, Court, Brown
Abstract This paper discusses the origin, extent and end of civil government and compares the views of Aristotle, John Locke, and Montesquieu on why we need civil government, what that civil government should be, and what that civil government does for us. The first part of the paper is very specific in describing what each philosopher thinks of the origin, extent, and end of civil government. The end examines the extent to which our Constitution was found on the political philosophies of the liberals.
From the paper:
?Nearly 2000 years elapsed between the time that Aristotle expressed his theories on political philosophy and the time that Locke and Montesquieu expressed theirs, this accounts for many of the differences in their thinking. Aristotle wrote his philosophy from an ancient point of view and when Hobbes came along during the Enlightenment, he changed political philosophy forever. Hobbes influenced both Locke and Montesquieu this is probably why they both differ so much from Aristotle. The liberals, as Locke and Montesquieu were, hold in common one fundamental premise: the freedom and equality of human beings. This is why they back away from Aristotle's emphasis on virtue. Aristotle spends much of "The Politics" discussing regime, while Locke and Montesquieu are simply more concerned with establishing some for of civil government.?
Abstract The paper explains the concept of E-Government as a strategy used by governments in and around developing countries to use new technologies to provide people with more convenient access to government information and services. These are for the improvement of the quality of services and to provide greater opportunities to participate in the democratic institutions and processes.
The paper provides an in-depth, critical appraisal of the opportunities and threats ushered in by the new concept and practice of E-Government as transferred to developing countries. Ways in which developing countries may cope with the phenomenon of E-government as well as advances in information technology and governance, are discussed. In addition, it also examines the strategies and tools that policymakers use to preserve the benefits as well as to avoid or lessen the costs involved.
From the Paper "The issue of Electronic Government (E. Government) , with particular regards to the advantages and disadvantages of its implementation and use, has been the subject of considerable debate and numerous studies in both the developed and the developing worlds. This paper seeks to explore the capacity of the developing world to fully utilize the opportunities E-government presents. However, to obtain maximum effect it is also necessary to determine what negative impacts might be and how best to approach them. In the discussion, an attempt will be made to explain why many of these negatives may not be totally eliminated as some are intrinsically intertwined with the benefits to be gained, while others derive from social conditions such as cultural differences, lack of resources, training and education. Consequently, development managers and policy makers in the developing world have come under severe pressure as it is their duty to find ways to sustain the opportunities presented by E-government while at the same time reducing the harmful effects. The paper postulates that this can only be achieved through technical changes such as trained personnel, increased availability of technology and conditional changes such as rules and regulations, social capital, capacity building etc."
Abstract The appropriate role of government in the economy is an issue that has been long debated. Several hundred years into the debate, no solid answer exists. Throughout the 20th century alone, several different forms of governance have been attempted, and while some have been more successful than others, the prevailing mixed economy (limited laissez faire) used in most developed countries seems to offer a reasonably decent solution. The key to this form of economy, it seems, is flexibility; with the government more active at some times than others. Good leaders know where the strengths of capitalism lay and what its limitations are. The proper role of government, in this broad sense, is to maximize the benefits of capitalism by staying out of the economy, but exerting some influence in areas where capitalism is deficient.
Abstract This paper reviews and examines the writings of John Locke's "Second Treatise of Government" and Thomas Hobbes' "Leviathan." This paper asks and attempts to answer the question: Does the structure of the American government glorify God? The writer analyzes the similar logical arguments of both philosophers, relating to God and theology, while also detailing their various differences in relation to their views on the government and politics in general. The writer contends and explains why Locke's opinions are more convincing. Locke's view depicts a system of government more suitable, not only for Christians but for all mankind which places a higher value on human rights and personal beliefs. This paper also analyzes Hobbes' opinion which basically states that people are naturally evil and must be ruled and controlled in order to prevent chaos. This paper discusses Hobbes' contention that in order for mankind to be controlled there must be a political society to oversee and instill order.
From the Paper "Hobbes in his book, Leviathan, says that people are naturally wicked, and they most be ruled and controlled in order to prevent chaos. In order for them to be ruled, the people must enter into a political society. To enter into a political society, the people must make an agreement or contract with the other members of society in which they all equally give up their rights to a common superior. The common superior has to be an outside party, indifferent to everyone else, and not having a contract with the people. Once the people are in this common wealth, they cannot leave, and the person they put in control has indefinite, total, and absolute power over them. In the event that the ruler no longer works for the benefit of the people, they still do not have the right to leave or to replace him. In this system of government, Hobbes does not give people another chance if they make a wrong choice."
Abstract This paper presents an analysis of Timothy Cook's 1998 book "Governing the News". It discusses the author's major theme of the interconnectivity between the U.S. government and the news media and the history of how this came about. The paper examines how the news media and news products are shaped by the government and the media as a fourth branch of the government.
From the Paper The close relationship between newsmaking and the government has become a hot contemporary topic due in large part to news coverage of U S involved wars as well as the American political process.s In Governing the News Timothy E Cook examines the ..."
Tags: News, Governing, Media, Cook, Government, Political
Abstract This paper reviews seven articles regarding e-government, i.e. the role and scope of the Internet in providing public service and governance. Issues covered by the paper include the rhetorical and reality of e-government, global considerations, and site liability.
Tags: E-Government, Internet, governance, public service
Abstract In this essay, the writer discusses the policy of the BC Government regarding gambling. The writer notes that in some countries gambling is not permitted and that the BC Government has however allowed the gambling pursuit. In this paper the writer examines the policies of the current liberal BC Government and discusses that gambling practices have in fact expanded, in spite of government promises to the contrary.
From the Paper "Many people object to gambling on the basis that it is immoral, or that it encourages people to develop problem gambling behaviors. Due to this fact, some governments permit gambling and some do not. The BC Government does permit it, but under regulated conditions. The current Liberal BC Government promised not to allow gambling to expand, but as one can see from an examination of its policies, it has allowed gambling to expand, contrary to its promises. The current Liberal BC government campaigned on the issue of gambling, vowing to stop it from expanding further."
Abstract This essay looks at the importance of local governments particularly in Canada today. It focuses on the aspects of local government that the author considers most important. It also looks at the best approach or framework for studying local government in relationship to the important aspects identified. Finally it looks at how history of urbanization can help in better understanding local government today.
