Abstract
This paper explains the roots of the song, which was written in 1893 by Mildred Hill. It discusses its popularity and reasons why it is so universal. It provides a history of its development and discusses some of its more famous features.

From the Paper
""Happy Birthday to You" has become one of the world's most beloved and popular songs. The simple lyrics, melody, and its constant presence likely play a large part in the song's ongoing popularity. It was originally titled "Good Morning to All", and designed for teachers to sing to their students. Over time, the lyrics evolved into the familiar "Happy Birthday" to you, and the song soon was present around the world. The copyrighted song earns a stunning estimated two million USD each year for its use for commercial purposes as diverse as movies and musical birthday cards."

Tags:song

Abstract
The paper gives an overview of the play by describing the setting and the characters in the play. It then describes and analyzes the conversation that takes place where Goldberg and Mccann interrogate Webber.

From the Paper
"As was mentioned before, the conversation is an example of foregrounding. Pinter designs it such that the audience knows what is transpiring as (or even before) it takes place. The lack of conversational niceties helps create that mood, as do the several neutral tokens, self and other oriented tokens. The construction of the conversation is to fire queries at Webber so as to break him down. One might imagine the skill it took actors to bring Pinter's imagination to fruition. The accusations, the physical aspersions, the absurdities and the tokens are cleverly interspersed to give this inquisition an unrelenting quality."

Tags:conversation, interrogation

Abstract
The paper shows that as can be demonstrated through "Lazy Lawrence" and "The Birthday Present," Maria Edgeworth's stories are carefully designed to appeal to the child reader, and teach them morals. However, a "double address" is also highly evident at frequent intervals, in which the adult, or more specifically the parent, is also confronted by certain ideology. The paper examines that despite this dual appeal to both child and adult, it is clear that the child is Edgeworth's most significant target audience, through the constant attempt to fully involve the child in the text. The essay also explores the moral lessons of these stories.

From the Paper
"The terms in which the stories are written are a significant factor defining children as the most important audience in the two stories. In both it is apparent that the world in which the protagonists' operate is that recognizable by the child. All aspects of the texts are chosen so as to enhance the child's understanding of a situation, in order to convey the more complicated moral at hand. In Lazy Lawrence when Jem works to save money it is triggered by the threat of the loss of his horse, a dearly beloved pet that could be exchanged in any child's mind with a sentimentally precious toy or animal. Understanding the significance of such a loss, the child follows eagerly the story, already in support of Jem's brave, industrious spirit."

Tags:birthday, children, edgeworth, lawrence, lazy, lessons, literature, maria, morality, morals, present

Abstract
This paper explains that poems by American Poet Laureate Ted Kooser not only often focus on everyday situations but also on motifs, such as dust, death, loneliness, darkness and light. Next, the author explains that, in his poem "A Happy Birthday, light represents being alive. In "Flying at Night", the yard light represents the farmer's lonesomeness, while the city lights represent his aspirations; however, in "A Blind Woman" light cannot be seen but rather functions as a separate object, which evokes in the woman a sexual pleasure. The paper explains that ambiguity is what makes poetry fascinating and this is the goal of poet Ted Kooser.

From the Paper
"The light is also described as making her feel "exuberant". This is perplexing however, considering the character is blind. How can she be pleasured light if she cant see it? The character, consequently is not seeing the light. It is being objectified, and therefore comes to serve a difference purpose The character is said to have "walked fast behind it", "it" being the light. This is abnormal considering light is not usually referred to as a thing, which "it" implies. Also, the light "trickled down her forehead" and "her brown shoes splashed into the light". Because Light is described as trickling and splashing, which is could not truly do, its objectification becomes unmistakable."

Tags:description, narrator, loneliness, ambiguity, innuendo

Abstract
This paper describes the Kinaalda, literally, "puberty ceremony," which celebrates a Navajo girl's transition to womanhood, and explains the symbolism of the ritual. The writer then discusses the Latin American ceremony called the Quinceanos, which is a religious celebration of a girl becoming a woman on her 15th birthday, and its origin. The paper concludes that although the two rituals differ in costume and ceremonies, essentially the goal of both the Kinaalda and the Quinceanera ritual is to formally introduce a girl to her role in society as a future wife and mother.

From the Paper
"The Kinaalda reinforces a Navajo's culture and society and is a symbol of self-identity and world-view. During the ceremony, natural subjects are chosen from the environment and food stores to reinforce the Navajo view of how a girl changes into a woman and what her role is in life. Music is utilized by the entire tribe, and songs are sung inside the hogan, outside and in other locations during different parts of the ceremony. Dance is utilized by the tribeswomen and by the Kinaalda herself, as she runs in a large circle, representing freedom and containment, world and family. The Kinaalda may run by herself or children may accompany her."

Tags:hogan, environment, earth, legend, reproductivity, Christian, baptism, flowers

Abstract
This paper discusses how artists in different eras can address the same general subject and produce very different works, as can be seen by a comparison of two paintings on love, "The Pleasures of Love" by Antoine Watteau and "The Birthday by Marc Chagall". The paper attempts to show how both works, some two centuries apart in time and very far apart in terms of style, give interesting images of love and of the way love separates lovers from the world and places them in a place all their own.

From the Paper
"The Watteau was painted in 1719 and is a colorful scene showing a number of courtly persons on a wooded site, with the central group consisting of four couples, and with other couples seen off to either side. They are grouped before a statue of Venus, with Cupid hanging onto her leg. The work is one of a genre called fetes galantes, or "romantic and idealized scenes [that] depict elaborately costumed ladies and gentlemen at play in fanciful outdoor settings" (Watteau, Jean-Antoine, 2002, para. 1). "

Tags:style, venus, cupid

Abstract
This paper relates that, in this poem, Olds is surprised to see that boys, from a very young age, are aggressive in nature and therefore love playing generals and soldiers. The author points out that the tone of the poem is ironic in the sense that, while on the surface it seams to be celebrating the birthday of first-grade child, on closer study, it contains heavy undertones. The paper stresses that the reason boys' behavior and their psyche are seen as the actual themes of the poem is because Olds hardly mentions anything else. There are no descriptions of the location or dresses the guests are wearing.

From the Paper
"For example, all the six years olds in this poem behave in the same manner with everyone ready and willing to fight with others. There seems to be little compassion or empathy between the boys as they gear up for a "brawl". This is quite different from the behavior we would expect from a group of young girls. Not only would most of them be gathering around their dolls, they would also show little interest in waging a war against younger children. On the other hand, children in this party are looking for their potential victims and all younger kids are considered prime targets."

Tags:empathy, tone, psyche, behavior, birthday

Abstract
This paper relates that Carlo Ruiz Zafon's "The Shadow of the Wind", a best seller in Spain for more than a year and a popular book in more than 20 countries, is about Daniel Sampere, who wakes up on his eleventh birthday and has forgotten his dead mother's face; therefore, his father takes him to the cemetery of forgotten books to give him the gift of a book to celebrate his birthday. The author points out that this very long, complex book starts as a thriller, sounds like a standard book of the Victorian era, at times reads like a romance and has a literary angle through the inventive concept of the cemetery of forgotten books. The paper relates that the critics of this book have been varied from near-nomination as the "best Spanish book of the year" to readers, who jump over sections starting half way through the book as the book does not live up to their expectations.

From the Paper
"At the same time, when we come down to the other side of the Atlantic, the reviews are a lot more liberal. This is probably in view of the generosity that the reviewers have given for the book being a translated version. This is a very important factor as when translations are done, it is important that the translation be done by individuals who are experts themselves, as otherwise the feelings will not come through. A poem has to be translated by a poet in the language that it is being translated in. Knowledge of the language itself may not be enough; it also requires the knowledge of the medium."

Tags:translation, cemetary, boy, books, critics

Abstract
This paper discusses the concept of adult development explaining the role of work in adult development. It will focus on why people work and ones views on work or leisure.

From the paper:

Before the start of the industrial revolution in the late nineteenth century, people of all ages inhabited the same social world. Children of all ages were educated together. Children and teenagers worked alongside adults on farms and in factories. Several generations often started one household. Neither children nor old people were set apart from the rest of society on the grounds that they were too young or too old to participate. By the middle of the twentieth century, age consciousness had emerged and people in developed cultures had become accustomed to thinking of life as a progression of distinct ages. Medical students had established pediatrics, the treatment of children and geriatrics, and the treatment of old people. Birthday celebrations had become a commercial enterprise.

Tags:adulthood, society, stereotype, work

Abstract
This thesis paper describes the various psychological and physiological developmental stages that infants undergo from birth to the first birthday. The thrust of the thesis is that while children apparently develop at different rates, the overall stages of natal development are almost always concluded in all infants by the end of the first year.

Tags:parenting, child, development