Abstract The majority of low birth weight (LBW), pre-term births are preventable with the proper pre-natal care and wise decision making by the birth mother. The paper begins by describing the problems connected with pre-term births, including the high costs, retardation, developmental problems, etc. It then provides demographic statistics about pre-term birthrates in the United States. Finally, the paper proposes a program modeled on a mentoring system, which could be implemented by a local hospital in order to positively effect changes in the LBW among teens and minority families.
From the Paper "Many individual programs have been designed and implemented by individual agencies, but if the at risk population is still not making use of these programs, there will be only small positive effects felt by the women in the highest need of help. In order to draw together the resources with the target community, any program must have a solid theoretical basis, and for this purpose, this proposal turns to the Health Belief Model (HBM). The HBM is a psychosocial model ( Rosenstock, 1990) which is designed to draw together the various resources while at the same time equipping the target population with the needed tools to take advantage of the resources."
Abstract This paper discusses the dramatic declines that have been seen in the rate of teenage pregnancies and births in the United States, and Georgia in particular, in the past fifteen years. It examines whether sex education in schools is the underlying reason why so many teenagers are now choosing to wait until they are married before experimenting with sex.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction
Literature Review
Methodology
Results and Discussion
Recommendations
From the Paper "The results of educational training in regards to sexual abstinence by teenagers in Georgia seems to show that those teenagers are influenced by the information and that they at least outwardly feel more compunction to abstain when pressured by other individuals of the same belief. If that is true, and New Horizons and AHYD continue in effectively presenting the information directly to teenagers, then it would seem that the only drawback to being able to present the information in an effective manner would be the lack of personnel, time and dollars necessary to ensure the program's viability."
Abstract This paper examines some of the advantages and disadvantages associated with giving birth vaginally after having previously delivered by a Cesarean (VBAC). The paper looks at why doctors try to avoid them, but also gives support from the literature for their safety and success. The paper further discusses contraindications and the major problem which is uterine rupture following prior C-section. It points out that uterine rupture is usually due to Pitocin use, and that VBACs have a 98 percent success rate.
From the Paper "Vaginal Birth After Cesarean (VBAC) is becoming increasingly popular and the medical profession has tried somewhat to discourage it because of the risk of uterine rupture. While postpartum fever seemed to correlate with uterine rupture at VBAC in a recent study there was no relationship between single or double..."
Tags: Vaginal Birth After Caesarean (VBAC), VBA2C, VBA2+C, VBA3+C
An exploration of existing literature, including peer-review journals and professional publications, regarding the impact of aging baby boomers on future healthcare.
Abstract This paper examines how the baby boom generation, born between 1946 and 1964, is reported to be the largest generation in U.S. history. It looks at how this group is very diversified and characterized by their disease prevention and wellness values and how, as the group becomes older there are concerns for the future of healthcare. It analyzes how as the boomers become aged 85 and older, there will be a dramatic change in the numbers of elderly and needs for long-term care services. It looks at how the baby boomers were followed by a group with an exceptionally low birthrate and how as a result healthcare for the pending group of elderly boomers will be supported by a smaller population.
Outline
The Problem
Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of the Study
Importance of the Study
Scope or Delimitations of the Study
Review of the Literature
Introduction
Overview
Future of Healthcare Funding
Access to Services
Quality of Care
Summary
Conclusion
Implication of the Study
Position of the Author
From the Paper "The year 2010 will bring the time when the first baby boomers begin to turn age 65; by then one in five Americans will be over 65 (Friedman, p. 36). In 1990, the oldest baby boomers were 44 years old, and concerns for old age were upon them. Butler (1990) reports that this generation will need to take matters into their own hands if they are to end the fragmented health care system that currently exists. New alternatives need to be sought that include a single-payer approach rather than various prices for identical procedures and services, clinical autonomy and opportunity, collaboration within health-care providers, and goals that meet the needs of all Americans (p. 13). New principles need to include the whole being with its connection to the environment, empowerment which enables internal and external healing resources to be utilized, and views of all involved (Meleis, 1992, p. 117)."
Abstract The paper presents the thesis that the changing nature of what it means to be a European citizen in the 21st century is connected to the continent's native birthrate crisis, which has forced many European nations to significantly increase their non-native immigration. The paper discusses how immigrants are now challenging the very nature of what it means to be European and transforming the nations of which the populations are now an integral part. The paper looks at the Turks in Germany and illustrates the challenges facing further evolution of European citizenship and the difficulty of achieving an effective solution.
From the Paper "The concept of citizenship, with its attendant rights and responsibilities, first grew up during the rise of the modern nation-state in 18th century Europe. A series of increasingly bloody continental wars in Europe created the impetus for a transformation of people's concepts of what citizenship entailed, or should entail. Through a long process of evolution, conflict, and compromise, today in the 21st century we find that concepts of what constitutes citizenship have changed along with the nations underlying that concept. This evolution has not taken place in a vacuum, but as a response or reaction to real historical situations and predicaments which current European Union policy attempts, in its way, to solve ("The European Citizenship" para 2.)"
Tags:birth, rate, traditional, sovereignty, nationhood, European, Union
Abstract This paper discusses the issue of divorce and examines the research methodologies used in order to provide accurate divorce rates. The author also discusses about related social and cultural matters.
From the Paper "While the decision to divorce one's marital partner seems as if it were an entirely personal one. But (as Emile Durkheim has shown us so conclusively as regards suicide) personal decisions are also social and cultural ones. Divorce rates have risen and fallen (but mostly risen) since the 18th century colonial era in America. Any investigation of such changes in the rate of divorce must be fundamentally grounded in the methods of historical research as well as social science research. How best to understand the reasons that divorce rates have fluctuated since the 18th century requires a close reading of a variety of historical and cultural texts that -- taken together -- will ground the personal reasons that obtain in each specific case of divorce with the larger social and cultural context of marriage and divorce. "
Abstract This paper attempts to understand why the teenage pregnancy rates in the United States are among the highest in the developed world. The paper suggests that sexuality education -- or lack thereof -- in the U.S. may be to blame. The paper shows how health care costs relating to teen pregnancy are exorbitantly high, which the paper says taxes all of society's social and economic resources. To reduce these costs, the paper recommends basic ideological shifts in the approach to sexuality education, and calls for greater access to contraceptives for teenagers.
From the Paper "Teenage pregnancy rates in the United States are among the highest in the developed world. As the nations of Western Europe prove, educational fallacies in the US concerning sexuality education..."
Tags: teenage pregnancy, teenage birthrate, contraception, teenage sexual activity, family planning, planned parenthood
Abstract This paper discusses one of the most contentious issues in contemporary American life, birth control.
This paper examines birth control in America and argues that birth control is something which should be readily available to all citizens just as long as certain protocols are followed. In so doing, however, this paper also points out the arguments of those who are unconvinced that wide spread birth control is desirable. In the end, this paper's central contention is that having a child is an enormously challenging development in the lives of young people (or old people, for that matter) and it should only be undertaken if the parents (or parent) possess the maturity, the desire and the resources necessary to do the job well.
Abstract This paper examines and compares two articles on how birth order affects a person's behavior. The two articles, "Born for Each Other" by Pamela Withers and "How Your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment" by Lucille K. Forer, both express a general agreement that birth order does shape our attitudes and behavior.
From the Paper "The two articles to be compared in this report each focus on questions related to birth order. Pamela Withers, in "Born for Each Other", provides a list of common birth order characteristics and also discusses some aspects of what it means to be an only child. Lucille K. Forer in, "How Your Birth Order Influences Your Life Adjustment", considers the effect of birth order on relationships with parents siblings and self development. This essay will compare and contrast these two related articles each..."
Abstract This paper looks at studies which discuss whether the order of child's birth (first born, second born, etc) influences their personality and future. It compares how different children function according to their birth order and whether there are similarities in these. Psychological examinations are also performed and examined.
From the Paper "In previous years there have been quite a bit of research conducted on the subject of birth order and personality. However research on this matter has declined in at least the last 10 to 20 years. In all regards, it is the common perception that people who are first-born have the strongest disposition and have leadership tendencies. Research also tends to point out that children who are first-born usually have greater achievements in their professional careers. By the same token, these students are also more likely to have more mental disturbances than their younger siblings ( Nyman). There are conflicting results as to the popularity factor concerning the first born. Some researchers content that the first-born are generally more popular, thus more out-going. While others contend that the first-born are less popular?and perhaps more stand-offish (Nyman)."
Tags: sibling, rival, pressure, leader, follower, birth, order
Abstract This work delves into the process of locating the adolescent's birth mother; the effect on the adoptee, adoptive family and birth family; the adjustments required during the search and discovery phases; and the support system from the adopted family required to realize a successful search. This paper makes the assumption that the adopted parents are living and able to make reasonable contributions to the process.
From the Paper "The 2004 State Statute Reports issued by the National Adoption Information Clearinghouse that nearly all states continue to require sealed record adoptions with only 'non-identifying' birthparent information publicly available. Some states are relaxing these rigid rules (e.g., Illinois and Wisconsin) but the pervasive and often overriding legal concern for the individual's privacy continues to protect birthparents who have opted for adoption."
Abstract This paper discusses the prophecy about the birth of Jesus found in Isaiah. The paper explains that this prophecy, which tells the story of Jesus' birth to the virgin Mary, is probably the most famous of all the prophecies about Jesus and chronicles the interactions between the prophet Isaiah and King Ahaz.
From the Paper "There are a number of messianic prophecies about Jesus' birth -- prophecies about the location, manner and time of his birth, about his genealogy and about events that were to occur at the time of his birth. Probably the most famous of these prophecies is the prophecy that Jesus would be born to a virgin found in Isaiah. Isaiah chronicles the interactions between the prophet Isaiah and King Ahaz. In Isaiah we read: "Then said the LORD unto Isaiah Go forth now to meet Ahaz..."
Tags: Bible, old and new testament, Isaiah, prophet, god, jesus, immanual, prince of peace, virgin birth
Abstract This paper discusses the idea that many people believe that birth order has some kind of an impact on personality formation. This paper analyses the evidence, as documented in academic and scientific literature, in an attempt to answer the question if these ideas are valid, or are they like the claims of astrology - too vague, and too subject to myriad other influences, to be substantiated in any way? This paper shows there is in fact clear empirical evidence that birth order can have a significant impact on at least some important aspects of human personality.
Abstract This paper examines the medical ethics of whether a low weight birth infant should receive life sustaining efforts from the ethical and legal perspective of the medical staff and the family members involved. The author points out the percentages of survival and legal statutes. The paper relates why these issues are crucial and how physicians are expected to assess the infants.
From the Paper "When we discuss the birth of a child, what comes to mind immediately is the beginning of life. No one thinks of imminent death or ailments that may indeed cause death. However, it is a cruel fact of life, for whatever reason that infants will die and that death does not discriminate. Sometimes, this fate involves those born prematurely or suffering from an extremely low body weight. These conditions will push a medical team into overdrive as they attempt to assess the viability of the child. This is not to determine if the child will die but to determine if the child will live. In addition to this, doctors must assess what type of quality of survival will occur, or will there be severe defects and will the child always be dependent on machines to exist."
Abstract yThis paper discusses indepth the state of the economy in context of the rise and then consistent drop in interest rates over the last 5 years. It discusses what the impact is such rate cuts is on all aspects of the economy and also highlights the various kinds of interest rates.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview of Interest Rates and their Significance as a Macroeconomic Tool
Types of Interest Rates Impact of Change in Interest Rates on the Current Economy
Conclusion
References
From the Paper "The Federal Reserve like other Central Banks seeks to maintain a financial environment within which competitive markets support the efficient use of productive resources. The overarching principle is that central bank should provide the necessary monetary and fiscal stability in a way that leaves the maximum freedom of action to private markets. In keeping with this principle, monetary policy is implemented by indirect means, with an interest rate policy instrument than with direct credit controls. Thus interest rates are part of the Federal Reserve's key macroeconomic tools that it has at its disposal to control the markets? and inadvertently the entire economies money supply. The quantity of money within an economy can determine various exogenous and endogenous factors that can keep the markets and the economy in close range of the equilibrium position. This is important in-order to prevent the extensive number of boom and bust cycles the American economy has faced in the early part of the last century."
