Abstract This paper discusses one of the most contentious issues in contemporary American life, birthcontrol.
This paper examines birthcontrol in America and argues that birthcontrol is something which should be readily available to all citizens just as long as certain protocols are followed. In so doing, however, this paper also points out the arguments of those who are unconvinced that wide spread birthcontrol is desirable. In the end, this paper's central contention is that having a child is an enormously challenging development in the lives of young people (or old people, for that matter) and it should only be undertaken if the parents (or parent) possess the maturity, the desire and the resources necessary to do the job well.
Abstract This paper explains that, in the early part of the 20th century, family planning on a more deliberate level began to appear in England due largely to the continued efforts of birthcontrol advocate Marie Stopes (1880-1958). However, it was not until the second decade of the 20th century that birthcontrol began to be seen as something important, realistic and necessary. The paper then relates the history in England of birthcontrol and the life work of Stopes. The paper concludes that, although birthcontrol is still seen by some people, such as some extremely devout Catholics, as being wrong; overall, there is no stigma in England to purchasing birthcontrol methods even if a woman is unmarried, which is a marked difference from what took place during Stopes' lifetime.
From the Paper "The idea of the importance of contraception actually began early on in the 19th century. At that time, much of the inspiration for that kind of movement came from a book called "An Essay on the Principle of Population" which was written in 1798 by a British political economist named Thomas Malthus. In his book, he argued that the population of the world would eventually grow to the point that the earth would not be able to actually support it. If this took place, famine, poverty, epidemics, and other significant and frightening problems would plague the human race."
Abstract This paper discusses the introduction of the birthcontrol pill, outlining society's concept of a woman's duties from pre-1920's and up to the surge of the feminist movement. The paper explains how the popularity of the birthcontrol pill, and the feminist movement has made a major impact on the difference of the roles and lifestyles of women. This paper also takes a look at the positive impact birthcontrol has had on preventing AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.
Table of Contents
Background
BirthControls Impact on Society
AIDS
Conclusion
From the Paper "The popularity of the birth control pill brought the world into the sexual revolution. The easy access to birth control encouraged promiscuity, and eventually brought us into the women's movement in the 1970?s. Women's freedom over their sexuality allows freedom of their financial independence. However the true beginning of the women's movement began as early as the 1920?s. The possibility of contraceptives would not have been possible in the 1960's without the original women's movement in the 1920?s. The purpose of this essay to describe how birth control has affected society, and the impact it had on the AIDS virus."
Abstract This paper discusses the topic of birthcontrol. The paper offers several reasons why birthcontrol should be taught in the nation's schools to help America's young people engage in safer sex. The paper contends that, while a policy of abstinence is advocated by some as a way to combat premarital and teen sex, most young people are unlikely to adopt a policy of abstinence. Therefore, the author says, birthcontrol should be encouraged and young people should learn about the different forms of birthcontrol in school so they can have safe choices and knowledge before they face the issue of premarital sex.
From the Paper "While on the decrease, teenaged pregnancy is not going away. One Web Site notes, "8,589 babies were born to teenagers in 2002 (decrease of 6,888 births from 1998). These babies will fill more than 505 kindergarten classrooms in 2007" ("Gift of Life," 2003). Many of these babies will face additional problems and poverty because they were born to children themselves. Many of these young mothers will never finish high school, and face dismal prospects in the job market and throughout life. In addition, the United States "boasts" the highest teen pregnancy rate and teen birth rate in the industrialized world. Even more disturbing is that over 25 percent of teen mothers will have another child within two years of their first ("Gift of Life," 2003). These figures are disturbing, but they indicate just what a huge problem the U.S. faces in teen pregnancy, and why birth control should be taught in schools around the nation. Making teens more aware of themselves, their bodies, and their reproductive choices could save many teens from a lifetime of parenthood before they are prepared, and in actuality save the country millions of dollars in social programs and health care costs. In addition, most countries around the world advocate birth control choices for their citizens, and so, they have fewer problems with teen pregnancy and premarital sex. The United States often seems Puritanical in its societal beliefs, and sometimes this old-fashioned thinking gets in the way of social progress and reform."
Abstract This paper presents a detailed discussion on the birthcontrol methods of the 18th century. The history of birthcontrol is outlined and the various methods that were popular during the 18th century are described in detail. The author explains the importance of the church during this time frame and how that involvement interfered with many birthcontrol ideas and methods.
A quantitative evaluation and research proposal of the safety and potential benefits of distributing birthcontrol pills over the counter in the United States.
Abstract This paper presents a research proposal that will be to evaluate whether or not use of birthcontrol pills over the counter is considered as safe as prescription birthcontrol, which is currently the only offering available in the United States. It explains that the study will attempt to compare the adverse affects of not having birthcontrol available in addition to analyzing patient education differences between two groups: those self-medicating with pharmacists assistance and those receiving prescriptions from their doctor.
Abstract
Introduction
Significance of Study
Preliminary Literature Review
Methods
Population
Results
From the Paper "The methods used for this study will include a quantitative evaluation that will examine the use patterns of women currently using birth control at family planning clinics in the United States. Study criteria will include women who are interested in receiving birth control over the counter who are willing to complete a survey to determine whether or not they feel provider evaluation and counseling prove beneficial. The subjects will be asked to rate whether or not they feel provider input with regard to birth control pill use has been beneficial or not in the past."
Abstract This paper presents a case study of a sixteen year old girl who had unprotected sex and would like to begin some form of birthcontrol. The paper discusses the different types of birthcontrol and which type is the best option for different body types. It goes into detail about how birthcontrol is affected by the different body types. The paper is partly written in the first person narrative.
From the Paper "At the end of their research the mother and daughter had learned more information than they thought they would have. They found that there is not one type of birth control that is the most effective for every woman in the world today, but that a woman must match her body type and lifestyle to fit the form of birth control that is the most comfortable to her. With all the information they had gathered the mother and daughter both figured out the daughter's body type and found the right one for her. They then told friends and their daughters about their findings and those women changed their birth control for the correct forms for themselves. Even today the daughter is using that same form of birth control and is happy with her decision to protect herself."
Abstract This paper discusses why the writer is in favor of birthcontrol for women. Birthcontrol is certainly a personal choice, and it should be a personal choice, not a societal or religious choice. It argues that, ultimately, the choice to have a child should rest between a man and a woman, and not in the mores of a society or outdated religious beliefs. Those who would raise a child should be the ones to decide whether they have a child or not.
From the Paper "I am in support of birth control for a number of reasons. First, it is a safe alternative to unwanted pregnancies. Teen pregnancy is down in America today, however, teen pregnancy is still an enormous problem, with over 1 million teens getting pregnant every year ("Gift of Life"). This is an enormous number of young women giving birth to mostly unwanted babies, and birth control could have saved these women from an unwanted pregnancy, and saved the children from what could very well be a life of poverty and hardship. It is well known most unwed mothers fall under the poverty levels in our country, and it is quite difficult for them, or their children, to climb out of poverty and into the middle class. In fact, one expert sadly notes, "They [unwed mothers] see career or economic opportunities as out of their reach and have little motivation to remain abstinent and delay pregnancy and parenting" (Sawhill).
A look at methods of birthcontrol and the social, cultural, judicial, scientific, and religious views towards it, in both medieval Islamic and Christian societies.
Abstract This paper examines the use of birthcontrol in Islamic and Christian regions during medieval times, its prevalence and acceptance in Islamic regions versus Christian regions, and the social and cultural implications surrounding it. Through an analysis of the reasoning of medieval Islamic jurists regarding contraception in contrast with the writings of St. Augustine and Thomas Aquinas, it shows how Islam permitted birthcontrol, and Christianity did not. It looks at how Islamic rulings were based primarily on reason and logic and were rooted in a strong understanding of the principles of biology, not religious fervor. In contrast, it shows how, tragically, countless women died in Europe because Church leaders denounced contraception and kept from the public contraceptive means.
From the Paper "Knowledge of the biology of reproduction is one important factor affecting attitudes on birth control and abortion. Another is the nature of human life, for example, when does the fetus have a soul? The Islamic argument for the permission of contraception is a fascinating case where biological and scientific knowledge directly influenced ethical attitudes. Medieval Arabic literature, such as treatises on medicine, materia medica, and popular literature treated both contraception and abortion as two aspects of birth control. They recognized the difference between the two, and could distinguish between preparations that would work only as a contraceptive, as an abortifacient, or would work for both purposes."
Abstract This paper begins by examining the Church's present position regarding the use of birthcontrol, which includes a look at both the Protestant and Catholic Church's views, and then continues with an historical look at the Church's view of birthcontrol prior to the 20th century. This is followed by a discussion of the Church's position in the 20th century and how and why this position has evolved over time.
From the Paper "Birth control or family planning is one of the most controversial issues, widely and passionately discussed by the Church and one for which a clear answer or solution has remained elusive. With rising population rate, many experts maintain that birth control is not only important, it is critical for the survival of the planet. Birth control methods both artificial and natural have been widely promoted and publicized since the beginning of 20th century. Over the years they managed to gain wider acceptance and Church came under severe pressure to endorse or allow the use of contraceptives. The experts found that growing population rate was directly connected with food and water scarcity and was also seen as a cause of increasing environmental deterioration."
Abstract This paper examines early forms of birthcontrol used in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It looks at the disadvantages of these types of methods and the introduction of the modern day pill. It discusses how the pill changed the life of so many women and how birthcontrol today is something that most women take for granted.
From the Paper "Probably more important to whether human kind will survive the next millennium, some countries that have had problems with over population have been able to limit their population growth by distributing the pill while legislating smaller families.. This has been most effective in the People Republic of China. To those individuals who believe that the pill destroyed family values. In many ways the research has been instrumental in creating new families. The science that brought women the ability to prevent pregnancy is now able to help infertile women bear children. The study of hormones, cycles and fertility has brought great joy to families who would have been childless."
Abstract This paper looks at the history of the birthcontrol pill and various steps along its development, as each stage is approved by the Federal Drug Administration (F.D.A.). In this article, the writer covers the period from 1960, when the first birthcontrol pill was approved in the U.S. The writer studies the development of the contraceptive up to the present day.
From the Paper "... the Planned Parenthood Federation of America invited an American biologist Dr. Gregory Pincus to develop an ideal contraceptive that was simple, safe and esthetically acceptable to both husband and wife. Government and private sources donated some of the funds and Planned Parenthood put up the seed money and within a few years the birth control pill was being tested in Haiti and Puerto Rico. The first birth control pill approved in the United States, by the Federal Drug Administration (F.D.A.) in ... "
Tags: ethinyl estradiol, levonorgestrel, Seasonal, Plan B, Prevan
Abstract This paper discusses Andrea Tone's article, "Black Market BirthControl: Contraceptive Entrepreneurship and Criminality in the Gilded Age." The paper describes the aim of the article, which is to generate a fuller understanding of the underground movement in birthcontrol in the late 19th and early 20th century. The paper discusses the way that the article is presented and why this approach makes it a successful article and enjoyable to read.
From the Paper "I really enjoyed the personal nature of the article, which not only allowed the piece to come alive instead of being yet another piece of dry historical work, but also really brought the issue to life since these kinds of laws trickle down to the individual, forcing them to make decisions they may have not ordinarily made. The photographs were also helpful in understanding how crude the science of birth control was at the time. Knowing this fact allows the reader to understand two things: first, how without the efforts of these clandestine entrepreneurs the safe and effective devices we have today would not have been invented. And secondly, it helps the audience understand why these laws were put in place to begin with because it illustrates how dangerous and unreliable the contraceptives were."
Abstract This paper explains that, given the paramount position of fertility reduction, people in China must use a birthcontrol method unless they have justified reasons; they do have a choice among a specified range of contraceptives. The author points out that contraception falls totally on the woman, the majority practicing family planning or using IUDs, with little demand for contraceptives, particularly among rural families. The paper states that family planning programs are controlled by the Ministry of Health; local councils and other organizations enforce family planning but will not over ride the dictates of the state government. Includes a table contrasting differences between Chinese and the Western culture and values.
Table of Contents
Market Audit and Competitive Analysis
Market Trends
The Market Potential
Penetration of Urban and Rural Markets
Product Uses
Consumer Buying Habits
Product Use Patterns
Product Feature Preferences
Major Problems to Product Acceptance
Distribution (Modes, Channels, Relationship Between Levels, Traditional System)
Regulatory Agencies
Government Treaties
Business Customs and Practices
Currency (Official, Popular Use, Exchange Restrictions)
Payment (Banks, Cash Transfers, Accepted Methods of Payment, Payment Restrictions)
Trade and Industry Organizations
Independent Foreign Policy, With Trade and Relations
Trends
Technology
Current Technology Available
Technological Skills of the Labor Force and General Population
From the Paper "China has changed the parameters of its health care system and is now focused more on patient safety and care. The center for policy and process is the Ministry of Health. In addition the National Institute for Control of Pharmaceutical and Biological Products plays a key role in enforcing regulations regarding drugs and biotech products.
The emphasis on economic efficiency also redefined the role of the Chinese government in the health care sector. There was a call for modernization and an increasing demand for urban health care services. However, even with modernization, strict controls remain in effect."
Abstract This paper is an opinion paper about the need for more emphasized sex education in high schools in order to promote correct use of birth-control and to assist in avoiding sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among teenagers. The paper includes statistics which indicate that ignorance is one of the leading factors for teenage pregnancy and STDs and argues that the educational system is failing today's youth.
From the Paper "In modern society, safe sex has become a major concern in the United States. As early as elementary school, individuals are learning all about the ?birds and the bees (Warwick Boar, 2003)?. People can walk into any Health Clinic and receive free condoms and information on safe sex. Today, sex is a subject of conversation everywhere and is considered a social topic.
The media supports the free-spirited attitudes people have toward sex, as the news reports sexual research, and television shows focus on "the pleasure and problems of sexual situations" (Duvall, p. 336). However, despite the abundance of information available about safe sex, according to a recent survey by Cosmopolitan, 53 percent of young women are having, or have had, unprotected sex, greatly increasing their risk of catching a sexually transmitted disease (STD) or becoming pregnant."
