This paper analyzes and examines anxiety disorders and bipolardisorder, including treatments available and recommendations for improving the awareness of these disorders.
Abstract Anxiety disorders and bipolardisorder are two of the most devastating psychological illnesses. Providing a concise and detailed overview of the various types of anxiety disorders and the different stages of bipolardisorder, as well as a discussion of treatment options, the author argues that while improvements have been made to the treatment and understanding of these illnesses, further improvements are necessary, including the integration of drug therapy and psychotherapy.
From the Paper "Despite the increasing awareness, education, knowledge, treatment, and understanding of psychological disorders, there is still no clear-cut, quick fix, and uniform method available to diagnose and/or eliminate (or at least reduce) mental illnesses and psychological disorders. Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder are two of the most common mental illnesses that prevent an individual from functioning normally. While most individuals may arguably prefer to remain ignorant of the existence of anxiety disorders and/or bipolar disorder, the fact is that more than 23 million individuals suffer from anxiety disorders (Harvard, 1) while more than 3 million individuals suffer from bipolar disorder (Hollandsworth)."
Abstract This paper begins by introducing the concept of manic depression. It then discusses the suspected causes of bipolardisorder and its symptoms. The symptoms include highs and lows, mood swings and hypomania. The paper then addresses the phenomena of bipolar adolescents and discusses thought errors in bipolardisorder. The paper also examines the various forms of bipolar, ways in which it is diagnosed and different types of treatment.
From the Paper "Bipolar Disorder generally sets in during adolescence or early adulthood though it may also occur late in one's life or during childhood. It results in terrible mood swings ranging from mania and euphoria to depression and suicidal tendencies. The earlier a person is diagnosed with bipolar disorder the better. Medication is available for bipolar disorder, which helps control the mood swings and even treats the condition. Diagnosis of bipolar disorders can be done only by specialized psychiatrists and is done according to the criteria established by the American Psychiatric Association in the Diagnostic and Statistic Manual of Mental Disorders."
Abstract This paper presents a general description of BipolarDisorder I, explaining that lays within the sphere of disorders that are primarily disorder of mood. The paper further discusses typical symptoms of BipolarDisorder I, its diagnosis, treatment methods for BipolarDisorder I, the goals of such treatment, cross-cultural issues, environmental issues and community referrals.
From the Paper "The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American Psychological Association DSM-IV" places Bipolar Depression I within the sphere of affective disorders that are primarily disturbances of mood. More commonly known as a mood disorders, a distinction is made between Bipolar Depression I and Bipolar Depression II. Individuals with mood disorders have disturbances in their emotional states or moods. Two major mood disturbances are known as dysphoria and euphoria. In dysphoria, associated with depression, the individual feels overwhelming sadness while in euphoria, the opposite pole, individuals..."
Abstract This paper discusses the physiological roots of bipolardisorder (commonly known as "manic depression") including neuroanatomy and neurotransmitters. It also discusses common treatments of bipolardisorder, and how medication available affects neurotransmitter levels and so inhibits symptoms.
Abstract This paper looks at four areas of bipolardisorder, also known as manic depression. First, it identifies what bipolar actually is. Next, it explores the different subcategories of bipolar: bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder. The paper focuses on treatment of the disorder, as well as how to cope if an individual or family member suffers from bipolardisorder.
From the Paper "Five years ago, my close friend Vanessa was diagnosed with a mental disorder. The illness, bipolar has wreaked havoc on the lives of Vanessa's friends, family and Vanessa herself. Even today, she continuously struggles to gain control of her illness. For centuries, people have dealt with mental disorders. These illnesses have affected their jobs, families, relationships and daily living. Afflicted individuals have been ousted by "normal" society due to ignorance. The purpose of this paper is to educate those "normal" people, by identifying and explaining bipolar, treatment, and ways to cope with this disorder."
Abstract This paper describes bipolardisorder and its comorbidities. It also describes the emerging bipolar spectrum, which is a new way of looking at bipolardisorders. The paper also describes borderline personality disorder (BPD) and describes the arguments for and against its inclusion within the bipolar spectrum. It particularly describes the similarities between BPD and bipolardisorders.
Table of Contents:
Abstract
Axis I Comorbidity
Axis II Comorbidity
Bipolar Spectrum and Temperament
Do Some Diagnoses Deserve a Bipolar Subgroup?
From the Paper "The understanding of bipolar disorders is in a state of flux. Traditionally, the disorder was defined as a period of severe manic and depressive episodes with periodic switches between these two poles and was referred to as manic- depression, and now bipolar disorder I. In the 1980's, it was recognized that there were clinical manifestations resembling manic-depression, however, the extremes in mania were not as severe (hypomania). This was termed bipolar II disorder. In situations where an individual experiences 2 or more years of the hypomanic symptoms with subthreshold periods of depressive symptoms a diagnosis of cyclothymic disorder is made. These diagnoses are included in the DSM-IV."
Abstract The paper discusses bipolardisorder, a brain disorder that causes unusual shifts in a person's mood, energy, and ability to function. The paper examines how those who suffer from bipolardisorder may suffer from extreme mood swings, alternating between depression and mania, which differ from the normal ups and downs experienced by most people. The paper further discusses how there are two types of bipolar - bipolar I and bipolar II, affecting approximately one percent of the population. The paper discusses various treatment options and concludes that bipolardisorder can be treated by medications, even though there is some disagreement as to its cause.
From the Paper "Because bipolar disorder is an affective disorder, it is characterized by extreme moods. However, one of the important things required for a diagnosis is to rule out external causes for the mood. Therefore, in order to be diagnosed with a mood disorder, the change in mood cannot be "due to external medication, drugs, or treatment for depression." (Wikipedia, "Bipolar Disorder"). Once external factors have been excluded, doctors can make a definitive diagnosis of a mood disorder. This can be difficult because there is a high incidence of alcohol or drug abuse in those with bipolar disorder."
Abstract This paper focuses primarily on bipolardisorder, but includes a general look at other associated disorders. The paper describes the classes of bipolardisorder, how to properly diagnose the disorder, characteristics of bipolardisorder, treatment for the illness, and the prognosis for someone with diagnosed with bipolardisorder.
From the Paper "Generally speaking, bipolar disorder can be understood somewhat through its history of being called manic-depression. Individuals who have bipolar disorder go through different periods of moods that are dictated by time. At one point, they may seem to be in a deep depression and exhibit most or all of the symptoms of depressive
disorder. Then, at another point, the same individual may exhibit none of these depressive symptoms, and seem to be overly elevated in their mood and behaviors, seeming overly euphoric or like they have an excess of energy that is quite a contrast to the low energy levels observed during the depressive episode. Because of this, there are
also some links between bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, but the two disorders should not be confused. "In bipolar disorder, episodes of minor to severe depression and episodes of hypomania or mania occur over a course of time."
Abstract This paper examines bipolar depression, as the down phase of bipolardisorder. The paper looks at why bipolar depression it is often misdiagnosed as unipolar disorder, and is therefore treated with wrong medications. The paper contends that bipolar depression is more prevalent and dangerous than realized. The paper cites research that indicates that bipolar depression is the most lethal psychiatric disorder, with a high risk of suicide.
From the Paper "Bipolar depression is the depressed phase of bipolar disorder, which is also known as manic-depressive disorder -- a mood disorder which results in drastic mood swings ranging from manic phases to depressive ones. In the United States almost two million people..."
Abstract This paper explains that, while there is no cure for bipolardisorder, there are numerous medications in combination with psychotherapy, which can assist a patient in leading a normal life. The author points out that the treatment of bipolardisorder can be a daunting task because not all types of bipolardisorder are alike and therefore some require different medications and other therapies. The paper relates that anti-depressants are used in the treatment of bipolardisorder but almost never as a mono-therapy because an antidepressant alone can cause manic symptoms or an acceleration of the illness in some patients.
From the Paper "Lithium does have side effects in some patients, which should be noted because of the risk of poor compliance from the patient. Some of its side effects include tremor, sedation, diarrhea, abdominal pain, indigestion, hypothyroidism and weight gain. These side effects are a major factor in non-compliance and have provoked many physicians into not prescribing it. If a patient decides to discontinue their lithium, there is a risk of recurrence of their symptoms. In one study, 50% of new episodes occurred within 10 weeks of discontinuation "
Abstract In this article, the writer explains that bipolardisorder, often referred to as manic depression, is one of the major mood disorders. The writer notes that this disorder usually begins in the teenage years or early adulthood, but can sometimes start in childhood or as late as the age of forty. The writer also points out that this disorder causes a person's mood to rise and fall from extreme highs to serious lows mixed with a person's normal mood. Next, the writer looks at the four different types of bipolardisorders and then explains that bipolardisorders can be treated by taking the right medication. The writer concludes that it is never too late to get a person's life to function properly in a daily routine, even if medication would be a daily requirement.
From the Paper "The extreme highs of a manic episode are indicated by an elevated or irritable mood along with several of these symptoms: high energy and activity level, racing thoughts, decreased sleep, extreme cheerfulness, agitation, high self-esteem, pursuing reckless or pleasurable activities, and increased interest in goal-oriented activities. Most of the general population had experienced some of these symptoms at one point in their lifetime. A person with manic depression is likely to experience a number of these symptoms over a significant amount of time with great intensity."
"Hypomania is often one of the first disorder symptoms which has characteristics of mania but does not usually interfere with a person's daily routine in life. Because hypomania inspires positive feelings, individuals say that they are fine where people close to this person will recognize mood swings."
Abstract This paper discusses bipolardisorder, a serious mood disorder that involves shifts in mood between depression and mania. In particular, it looks at the extent to which heredity plays a role in the development of bipolardisorder and whether physiological or behavioral markers exist that may indicate high risk among children or early onset of bipolardisorder. It also examines how diagnostic criteria and treatment interventions used successfully with adults may also be effective with children at risk for the development of this serious disorder.
From the Paper "Children of bipolar parents have been found to be more at risk for developing the disorder. A study by Egeland et al. (2003) investigated the differences in frequency and pattern of clinical features prodromal for bipolar disorder in well Amish children with a bipolar parent versus children of well parents. The results indicated that 38% of the children of bipolar parent were rated as at risk compared with 17% of children in the control sample, and those children in the control sample with risk ratings mostly had well parents with a bipolar sibling. Children with families that had no mental illness rarely even received a low risk rating. These findings provide evidence for a hereditary link in bipolar disorder that extends beyond immediate family."
Abstract The paper describes bipolar I disorder and the less severe form of the illness, bipolar II disorder. The paper examines this disorder's biological basis and reveals the clear link between neurotransmitters in the brain existing in a state of imbalance and the development of the disorder. The paper adds, however, that exactly how this imbalance functions remains mysterious in this illness. The paper looks at various medications and their side effects and points out that because bipolardisorder has two distinct mood components of mania and depression, treating it with medication can be especially difficult.
From the Paper "Bipolar disorder is one of the most complex and difficult to treat of the major mood disorders. There are several different forms of the illness. Some bipolar I disorder patients exhibit alternating episodes of mania and depression, while other sufferers show less florid periods of mania, a state called hypomania that alternates with depression. These sufferers are said to exhibit a less severe form of the illness, called bipolar II disorder ("Bipolar disorder," 2007, NIH)."
Abstract Research has recently indicated that there are multiple genetic pathways leading to the development of bipolardisorder. This paper presents a detailed examination of the incidence of bipolardisorder among identical twins. The author explores bipolardisorder's genetic components and then explores whether or not identical twins have a higher incidence of the disorder than the general population.
From the Paper "The understanding that mental illness, including bipolar disorder, is genetically based has created curiosity about where the biology is involved. One of the things that have been examined is whether or not identical twins have a higher incidence of the disorder. It is an interesting question because of the fact that identical twins have identical DNA. If a higher incidence or a correlation can be found between identical twins and bipolar disorder, it will be further evidence of the biological basis for the disorder as well as a closer look as to its biological origin being before birth, and not something that happens after birth(Taylor, 2003)."
