Abstract
This paper explains that the impact of bioterrorism upon the United States of America is difficult to exaggerate. The author points out that bioterrorism has led to a more massive and unwieldy state apparatus, to unprecedented integration between various appendages of the state, to heightened fears and insecurities and to a new approach to immigration. The paper suggests that continued vigilance is essential to continued safety.

From the Paper
"Bioterrorism has emerged as one of the catch-phrases of the new millennium. Without question, how America grapples with this frightening reality of twentieth century warfare will go a long way towards determining the safety of everyday Americans in the years to come. This paper will outline how the persistent threat of bio-terrorism has changed the everyday lives of Americans, what steps are being taken by authorities to lessen the prospect of calamitous attacks on American civilians, and the manner in which disparate government agencies are working together to ensure that the biological or chemical equivalent of September 11 , 2001, never takes place. The effect of bioterrorism upon Americans has been significant."

Tags:bioterrorism, america, impact

Abstract
This paper discusses bioterrorism and the dangers it brings to living organisms. It examines the history of bioterrorism from ancient times to the twentieth century and explains that it wasn't until the 1930s that the real science of bioterrorism really began to blossom. The writer looks at the research done on biological warfare, with special reference to the anthrax and botulinum toxins. The writer also believes that the technical community has the greatest challenge in developing biological agent detection both for the battlefield, and for civilian use. The writer concludes that the more we search for answers to counter the effects of bioterrorism the worse is gets.

From the Paper
"Throughout history, warriors and terrorists have used a wide range of tactics and
techniques to help defeat their enemy on and off the battlefield. These weapons of war
have evolved from throwing rocks and sticks at each other to the unthinkable weapons of
mass destruction called bioterrorism. You may ask yourself, what is bioterrorism? The
Center for Disease Control defines bioterrorism as the intentional or threatened use of bacteria, fungi, or toxins from living organisms to produce death or disease in humans, animals, or plants and involves intimidation of nations or people to accomplish political or social ends. (CDC 2005) In ancient times, archers shot arrows at their enemies that were dipped in blood from dead and decomposing bodies, while others had the feces of animals smeared onto the tips to cause severe infection after entering the body."

Tags:disease, control, anthrax, war, crimes, microbiology, FBI

Abstract
This paper describes the categories of biological agents that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has identified as posing a significant bioterrorism risk. The paper points out that botulinum toxin produced by the bacteria clostridium botulinum has been tagged by the CDC as being in the highest risk category because it is easily transmitted from one person to another, possess high morbidity rates and has the potential for widespread panic and public chaos. The paper relates that there is a great challenge to health authorities in distinguishing a naturally-occurring botulism outbreak and one that is the result of a terrorist attack because the botulism symptoms from either scenario are the same.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Clostridium Botulinum and the Botulinum Toxin
Botulism: Background, Pathogenesis and Treatment
Botulism and Bioterrorism
Challenges to Preventing a Botulinum Bioterrorist Attack
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Biological agents used in bioterrorism attacks are commonly found in nature but are often scientifically manipulated in order to increase their potency, their antimicrobial resistance and their dispersal factor. In their campaign to sow their seeds of terror, terrorists have increasingly turned to biological warfare because unlike traditional tactics such as nuclear warfare, biological weapons are inconspicuous and often invisible to the human eye. They remain undetected by authorities during their latent or incubation periods as they slowly infect the majority of the population."

Tags:category, clostridium botulinum, nature, dispersal rate, incubation periods

Abstract
This paper explains that the possibility of bioterrorism has increased in the recent past; therefore, disaster planning incorporated into the existing public health infrastructures is even more important. Next, the author discusses the execution of the prevention, preparedness, detection, surveillance diagnosis, response and recovery procedures phases, which are part of a bioterrorism disaster plan. The paper underscores that disaster plans are essential in controlling and preventing the effectiveness of bio-attacks so that the damage caused by such acts of terror will not result in untold fatalities.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Prevention and Preparedness
Detection and Surveillance
Providing Diagnosis and Identification of Agents of Attack
Response and Recovery Procedures
Communication Requirements
Challenges and Implementation Issues

From the Paper
"Hoaxes are the most frequent form of bioterrorism as well as the most popular for spreading fear, especially to limited amounts of people. The danger of hoaxes lies mainly in the panic that they cause to the individuals who come into contact with such attacks. Widespread hysteria may result from a hoax such as a suspicious package or regular mail delivered to a prominent person. In order to ensure that hoaxes and their possible dangers remain contained, the government should educate the public on how to contact local authorities who, in turn, ensure that no biological agents are spread to the public and that the perpetrators of such actions are apprehended and prosecuted for their acts."

Tags:hoaxes vulnerability, conduct joint operations, communication, response teams

Abstract
This paper describes the dangers of Anthrax as a weapon in chemical / biological warfare. The paper outlines different types of Anthrax and discusses the long term effects it could have in a war of bioterroism. The writer explains the different ways Anthrax enters and affects the body. The writer provides a brief history on bioterrorism and concludes the paper with assurances that bills have been passed allowing the U.S. government to spend billions on anti-bioterrorism.

From the Paper
"Bioterrorism is known to have been in effect as early as 6th century B. C. when the Assyrians attempted to poison the wells of their enemies using a substance known as "rye ergot" (History of Bioterrorism, PG, 2002). Throughout the years bioterrorism has been a constant threat, as armies have been known to hurl the bodies of diseased soldiers into enemy camps. Feces and even infected fleas have been used to spread plague and malaria into enemy quarters. As early as 1763 Native Americans were given blankets and cloths that had been infected with smallpox (History of Bioterrorism, PG, 2002)."

Tags:biological, cutaneous, deadly, gastrointestinal, inhalational, terrorists, widespread, warfare, terror

Abstract
The paper looks at how the US Food and Drug Administration has on its website a counterterrorism initiative that admits that there are five critical challenges that need to be met effectively in order to protect Americans from the threat of bioterrorism. The paper explains that rapid response and increased security of food and drug imports are the main goals of the FDA's initiatives. The paper also discusses how the FDA has plans to step up the monitoring of import procedures and increase inspection of the food and drugs imported into the US.

From the Paper
"The importation of drugs into the U.S. after they have been exported is an unsafe practice because it can provide an opportunity for terrorists to organize an attack. The possibility of terrorists utilizing internet drug companies to create an avenue for an attack is a realistic concern. The unpredictability and wide variety of ways that potential acts of terrorism can be devised complicates preparedness and the ability to quickly and effectively respond to such an attack (Counterterrorism, 2004)."

Tags:safety, bioterrorism, counterterrorism

Abstract
The paper examines the role science is playing in detecting the use of biological agents by terrorists and discusses how it is evident that its major task is to develop and improve scientific devices that can detect biological agents such as anthrax, ricin, botulinum, smallpox and others. The paper explains how these biological agents could inflict horrific casualties and there is little if any defense against them except to detect them as quickly as possible, isolate the area and quarantine anyone who may have been exposed to them. In order to fully understand the vital role of science in dealing with bioterrorism threats, the paper states that it is necessary to initially discuss the nature of bioterrorism attacks.

Tags:science, in, bioterror

Abstract
This paper describes the new and infinitely terrifying form of arsenal, biological weapons. The paper examines the efforts being done by governments to prepare against bioterrorism. The paper explores how exactly a virus works and why the effects of some infections are so devastating. The paper also highlights what makes humans susceptible to certain viruses and pathogens and why treatment doesn't always work.

From the Paper
"Despite vaulting bounds in medical health, many of us live with a nagging (although not completely irrational) fear of viruses, bacteria, and other nuisances. Since the anthrax hysteria that followed in the wake of the 9/11 tragedy, Americans have been on the alert for signs of bioterrorism. Some fear that the gas curling through our vents contains airborne microbes or that our water reservoirs are teeming with lethal spores. From religious militant to the merely unhinged, people have resorted to violence to wreak havoc - using handguns, bombs, and recently, jetliners."

Tags:anthrax, germs, pathogens, viruses

Abstract
The paper describes the symptoms that attendees at a convention suffered from and suggests that Bacillus anthracis was the particular biological agent of choice in this scenario. The paper outlines several ways to test that a biological attack had indeed occurred and asserts that the first response must be to quarantine the convention center and have a team comb through all possible areas and systems by which the agent could have been introduced. The paper then discusses the treatment of the victims and the need for autopsies. The paper contends that the combined efforts of prophylaxis, quarantine, and an immediate clinical response should minimize deaths and infections to a considerable degree.

From the Paper
"The first response must be to quarantine the convention center and have a team comb through all possible areas and systems by which the agent could have been introduced. Halting further spread of the infection and determining the precise agent is of paramount importance in forestalling a possible epidemic (Gerberding et al 2002). All patients already in area hospitals should be isolated as much as possible, and medical staff and other patients closely monitored for symptoms of the infection. This will prevent further spread of the disease while efforts are coordinated to determine the details of the attack and (hopefully) identify and apprehend the perpetrators."

Tags:prophylaxis, autopsies, quarantine, anthrax

Abstract
This paper discusses various historic epidemic diseases, such as the black plague and smallpox. The paper presents a brief history of the use of these diseases as weaponry. Modern-day biological threats, such as anthrax, botulism, tularemia, and Ebola are explored in the paper. The paper explains that the relatively small size of biologic weapons to their large-scale destructive capabilities make them a very real threat in modern warfare and terrorism.

From the Paper
"The Black Plague killed an estimated forty percent of the population of Europe between 1347 and 1427; with some cities and villages experiencing seventy or eighty percent mortality (Herlihy 2, 43). Out of its ashes rose a new understanding of medical science, the European renaissance, as well as a powerful respect for disease. Over five hundred years later Western scientists, armed with post World War II technology, seemed prepared to rid the world of any disease that could threaten humanity. Yet, despite the new weaponry on the side of humans and the heightened optimism of the time, new plagues seemed ready to meet the challenge medical science was the real underdog. During the twentieth century western medicine has gone through several phases, all as responses to immediate medical needs and pervading public worries of the time. Most recently, the threat of bioterrorism has stirred-up many fears that a new plague might ravage our world, and this mindset has demanded a response form the medical community."

Tags:anthrax, eboli, botulism