Abstract
The paper relates that the Amgen company has a leading role in the biotech revolution now taking place, and it has several advantages over other companies in this field, including a longer history. The paper discusses how a biotech revolution has been predicted for some time; in 1989, Forbes predicted that biotech companies were ready to blossom in the early 1990s and were expected to produce high profits, and since that time, the only company to achieve significant success is Amgen. The paper relates that by 1992, Amgen was growing rapidly and was expanding its facilities and increasing its workforce by 50 percent per year.

From the Paper
"The Amgen company has a leading role in the biotech revolution now taking place, and it has several advantages over other companies in this field, including a longer history. A biotech revolution has been predicted for some time. In 1989, Forbes predicted that biotech companies were ready to blossom in the early 1990s and were expected to produce high profits, and since that time, the only company to achieve significant success is Amgen. By 1992, Amgen was growing rapidly and was expanding its facilities and increasing its workforce by 50 percent per year. The company brought in a 17-person task force and a product development team of 24 to oversee the manufacture and marketing of Europe (Erdman 95-96)."

Tags:amgen, biotech, industry

Abstract
This paper examines the biotech industry worldwide, especially in the U.S. and India. After analyzing the benefits and risks of partnering with experienced Indian contract research organizations to conduct pre-clinical and clinical research, the author recommends that start-up biopharmaceutical companies choose Clinigene, a subsidiary of Biocon, as a preferred partner or enter into a development partnership with a leading player like Biocon. However, because of significant shortcomings in intellectual property protection in India, the paper concludes that start-up biopharmaceutical companies currently not consider entering the Indian market despite its significant market potential but rather recommend re-evaluate of this potential market entry when the Indian patent laws are improved. Sources are presented as end notes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Executive Summary with Recommendations
The Biotech Industry in the World, United States, and India
Research and Development
Intellectual Property
Partnerships
Benefits of Conducting R&D in India
Risks of Conducting R&D in India
Opportunities and Risks of Entry into the Indian Market
Conclusion
Appendix
Product pipeline of Surface Logix, Inc
Global Biotechnology Market Value: $ million, 2003-2007
Global Biotechnology Market Value Forecast: $ million, 2007- 2012
Global Biotechnology Market Segmentation: % Share, by Value, 2007
Global Biotechnology Global Segmentation: % Share, by Value, 2007
Biotech Exports vs. Domestic Revenues
Top 20 Home-Grown Biotech Companies in India
The U.S. FDA Approval Process
Timelines for the Stages of the Drug Approval Process
Total R&D Expenditure by Stage of R&D in 2005
Top Management of Surface Logix Inc.
Suface Logix Inc.'s Management Team

From the Paper
"Prior to 2005, there was no effective patent protection for pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals in India. The Indian government allowed and even encouraged Indian companies to reverse-engineer and manufacture pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical products patented in other countries. As result, there were little incentives for Indian or multinational pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical companies to perform innovative R&D in India. Too easily, a new therapy could be copied and produced and marketed as a generic."

Tags:partner revenues, patent protection, skilled workforce, middleclass

Abstract
This paper discusses the opportunities for research and development(R&D) for biotech companies in India. The paper looks at how India is emerging as a significant player in the contract research organizations (CROs) field. Specifically, this paper looks into the current industry trends, the R&D and intellectual property environment, different partner models, and the benefits and risks associated with conducting R&D in India. The paper contains appendices and references in the form of end notes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Executive summary with recommendations
The biotech industry in the world, United States, and India
Research and development
Intellectual Property
Partnerships
Benefits of conducting R&D in India
Risks of conducting R&D in India
Opportunities and risks of entry into the Indian Market
Conclusion
Appendix

From the Paper
"The market for chronic disease treatments is underdeveloped and there is a massive potential for prescription drugs. The Indian prescription drugs market was $7.9 billion in 2007, and forecast to reach $11.4 billion by 2012. Even only relatively few people have health insurance in India, a rapidly growing middle class in metropolitan areas is increasingly able to pay out-of-pocket expensive biotechnology drugs for live threatening or chronic diseases such as cancer or diabetes. The WHO estimates that by 2010, 60% of cardiac patients are Indian, and the number of diabetes patients in India is estimated to increase from 43 million at present to 47 million by 2010 . The Indian biotech industry has well-developed manufacturing capabilities that meet global standards."

Tags:pharmaceutical, CRO, R&D, drugs, devlopment, research

Abstract
This paper looks into the current global biotechnology industry trends, its research and development (R&D) practices and issues of intellectual property and partner models. The paper specifically evaluates the benefits and risks associated with conducting R&D in India from the point of view of a start-up biopharmaceutical company and further describes the opportunities and risks associated with entering the Indian market with a new biopharmaceutical treatment. The paper recommends partnering with an Indian company for R&D but argues against entering the Indian market with a new biopharmaceutical, despite significant market potential. The paper contains 12 exhibits and sources are listed as end notes.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Executive Summary with Recommendations
The Biotech Industry in the World, United States, and India
Research and Development
Intellectual Property
Partnerships
Benefits of Conducting R&D in India
Risks of Conducting R&D in India
Opportunities and Risks of Entry into the Indian Market
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The modern biotechnology industry started to develop in the early 1980's when the first biotech therapy, recombinant human insulin, gained FDA approval in the USA. The product was developed by Genentech and Eli Lilly. Since then, over 200 new biotech-based therapies and vaccines have been created, and currently over 400 biotech drug products and vaccines are in clinical trials .
Global biotech total revenues were $172 billion in 2007 , and in 2005 global biotechnology revenues represented about a sixth of the revenues of the global pharmaceuticals & biotech industry."

Tags:start-up partnering, confidential-data protections, costs government

Abstract
In this paper, David Steele's alarmist arguments against genetic testing are founded on ethical principles that do not take into account the full scope of testing in the case for animal's rights, nor for that of private experimentation and research. The premise of arguing that the deaths of a small minority of animals for the greater good of all species on earth does not provide a sufficient rationale for stopping testing.

From the Paper
Arguing Against the Animal Ethics and Private Testing of Genetic Engineering Argument in David Steele's "Danger Lurks in a Biotech World" This analysis will argue against the alarmist ethical arguments of David Steele that posit genetic engineering as an unregulated and often dangerous field of science that may destroy the human race. The arguments presented in this article revolve around the abuse of animals and the nature of experiments that may affect the `natural' flow of nature through crops, animal growth, and other genetically engineered mutations. However, Steele's argument is based solely on the fallibility of private research and experimentation, which alarmingly places all of science outside of

Tags:genetics, steele, testing

Abstract
The paper's proposal describes a research paper that will examine Toronto's burgeoning hi-tech and bio-tech industries; where they are located, what they look like and where they rank internationally. The paper relates that the research will focus on Affinium Pharmaceuticals in addition to other companies. The paper explains that the research should bring an appreciation for how Toronto is making a name for itself in the bio-technology sector; a sector once felt to be chiefly the preserve of U.S. centers.

Outline:
Introduction
The What (and What They Look Like)
The Where
International Status
Methodology

From the Paper
"With a broad understanding of just what it is that different Toronto organizations do, the end research paper will explore the location of these companies. A quick perusal of one useful online map indicates that many of these organizations are indeed densely packed around the U of T (Biotechnology Ontario, "Toronto City Map", illus.1). At the same time, the fact those same organizations/companies are clustered in close proximity to the downtown financial core suggests they have wisely resolved to be as near as possible to the major financial houses and banks in the event that investment capital and loans can be secured. The final research paper will obviously spend some time looking at what enticements have compelled these various bio-tech competitors to "cram" themselves into the same small patch of real estate."

Tags:University, of, Toronto, organizations, location, international, standing

From the Paper
"The birth of the world's most famous sheep, the genetically cloned Dolly, sparked turbulent ethical, scientific, and religious debate, taking Genetic Engineering from the laboratories and thrusting it onto the front pages of the world. The living proof of what was once considered no more than science fiction prompted an entirely new range of dangers and possibilities. Jeremy Rifkin's The Biotech Century warns of the dangers of genetic engineering and takes a rather alarmist stance in revealing the outcomes of current and future genetic research."

Tags:bioengineering, biology, biotechnology, engineering, genetic, genetics, technology

Abstract
The paper introduces the concept of Nanotechnology, and considers the usage of both proteins and nucleic acids as molecular components of Nanomachines. Their pros and cons (including strength, speed, comparison to macro-scale materials) are considered in detail, and a conclusion is drawn based on these observations.

From the Paper
"Our modern technology builds on an ancient tradition. Thirty thousand years ago, chipping flint was the high technology of the day. Our ancestors grasped stones containing trillions of trillions of atoms and removed chips containing billions of trillions of atoms to make their axe heads; they made fine work with skills difficult to imitate today. They also made patterns on cave walls in France with sprayed paint, using their hands as stencils. Later they made pots by baking clay, then bronze by cooking rocks. They shaped bronze by pounding it. They made iron, then steel, and shaped it by heating, pounding, and removing chips. We now cook up pure ceramics and stronger steels, but we still shape them by pounding, chipping, and so forth. We cook up pure silicon, saw it into slices, and make patterns on its surface using tiny stencils and sprays of light. We call the products "chips" and we consider them exquisitely small, at least in comparison to axheads."

Tags:acid, assembler, bioinformatics, biotechnology, folding, nanomachine, nanotechnology, nucleic, protein

Abstract
This paper focuses on the biotech industry which is currently controlled by several big global companies and the fact that this is about to change. Patents on nearly $40 billion in drugs manufactured by the large pharmaceutical companies are set to expire which should open the door for smaller companies to help medicate the world. The writer's vision is for smaller companies to secure a place in an international growth market, to receive approval by various government agencies, to prove the efficacy of innovations and more importantly to solve some of the world's ills which can be alleviated by biotechnological products. This paper includes a statistical graph detailing biotech industry threats and opportunities.
Topics covered in this report include:
Vision Statement
Mission Statement
Competition
Political
Ecological
Energy
Economic
Spirit/Ethics
International
Technology
Social
Conclusions and Statistics About Threats and Opportunities for a New Venture
Citations

From the Paper
"As long as there is no human genome project underway, there is little government interference. However, the American companies claim that the FDA is much too slow, compared to overseas regulatory agencies, to approve new drugs. For this reason, many of the companies are either buying, being bought by, or creating partnerships with overseas companies in order to sell their drugs where restrictions are not as tight as in the U.S. One major problem that the industry faces is the high cost to the consumer. Congress has a number of bills about medical costs."

Tags:business, plan, competition, research, statistics, biotechnology, pharmaceutical, globalization

Abstract
The paper examines "Lords of the Harvest" that explores whether genetically engineered foods are safe to eat and whether they harm the environment. The paper discusses the Monsanto company and their commercial strategy that would get their items not just on the shelves of stores but into the consciousness of consumers. The paper then compares Jason Salfi's Comet Skateboard company and its model with Monsanto's business model. The paper shows how while the two organizations are very much unalike, they both tried something new in business.

From the Paper
"The book by Daniel Charles brings attention to an issue that is vitally important to consumers, scientists, and political leaders, genetically engineered foods. Are these products safe to eat? Do they in any way harm the environment? These are the questions Charles poses and attempts to answer, although he says in his Prologue, "This book is not an argument. It's the product of a personal search for understanding." In that context, it is clear that Charles is not attempting to preach to his readers, or necessarily attack Monsanto and the other companies dabbling or diving into biotechnology."

Tags:Roundup, herbicides, marketing