Abstract
This paper explains that there are two types of procedures: Mammotome and Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrumentation (ABBI). The author points out that the advantage of the Mammotome procedure is that there is virtually no scar. The paper suggests that the ABBI procedure can provide a more accurate diagnosis and also help to indicate if the entire suspicious area needs to be removed.

From the Paper
"Breast cancer, a very common disease and is the most common type of cancer in women, although it is not unheard of for a man to have breast cancer. About one women in eight (12 percent of all women) will develop breast cancer at some time in her life. Approximately 50,000 women die from breast cancer every year. Early detection is an important factor in the successful treatment of breast cancer. Utilizing monthly self breast exams, periodic professional exams, and mammography breast cancer can usually be detected early. With early detection, breast cancer can be treated more effectively and patient outcomes improve. Mammograms are an essential part of this screening process. "

Tags:coding, mammotome, abbi, diagnosis, scarring

Abstract
Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that occurs in the mesothelium within the human body. This paper explains that breathing asbestos is one of the main factors contributing to this disease. Symptoms vary according to the type of mesothelioma contracted. It points out too, that mesothelioma is diagnosed by performing a biopsy and treatment for the disease include chemotherapy, radiation and/or surgery.

From the Paper
"Mesothelioma is a very rare form of cancer that causes rapid cell division of abnormal cells within the mesothelium in our body. The mesothelium is, the membrane that covers and protects most of the internal organs of the body. It is composed of two layers of cells: One layer immediately surrounds the organ; the other forms a sac around it. The mesothelium produces a lubricating fluid that is released between these layers, allowing moving organs (such as the beating heart and the expanding and contracting lungs) to glide easily against adjacent structures. The mesothelium within our body is divided up into five categories: the peritoneum, which is the tissue that covers the organs within or abdominal cavity; the pleura, which is the covering of our heart and lungs, the pericardium which provides the protection for our heart, and two types of reproductive tissue - the tunica serosa uteri in women and the tunica vaginalis testis in men (National Cancer Institute, 2001)."

Tags:asbestos, biopsy

Abstract
The following defines and discusses the different types and causes of breast cancer. In addition it looks at how this cancer is treated, the different stages of this illness and the proposed treatment.

From the paper:

?A doctor should be seen if changes in the breasts are noticed. The doctor may suggest a mammogram. A mammogram is a special x-ray of the breast that may find tumors that are too small to feel. If a lump in the breast is found, the doctor may need to cut out a small piece of the lump and look at it under the microscope to see if there are any cancer cells. This procedure is called a biopsy. If the biopsy shows that there is cancer, it is important that certain tests (called estrogen and progesterone receptor tests) be done on the cancer cells. Estrogen and progesterone receptor tests may tell whether hormones affect the way the cancer grows.?

Tags:lobes, tissues, malignant, hereditary, inflammatory, women, health

Abstract
This paper explains that leukemia is a cancerous disorder of the blood-forming tissues characterized by an excessive production of immature or mature leukocytes and consequently a crowding-out of red blood cells and platelets. The author points out that leukemia is diagnosed once there is a confirmed finding of an abnormal number of leukocytes in tissue from a bone marrow biopsy. The paper relates that leukemia may be treated by chemotherapy with anticancer drugs, radiation therapy, blood and plasma transfusions and bone marrow transplantation. The author underscores that the most common form of leukemia among children under 19 years of age is acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), which has an incidence among 1to 4-year-old children that is more than 10 times greater than the rate for young adults ages 20 to 24.

Table of Contents:
Introduction to Leukemia
Leukemia among Children
New Cases
Survival and Deaths

From the Paper
"Leukemia is classified either as lymphocytic (Lymphatic) or myeloid and acute or chronic. Lymphatic leukemia is characterized by an excessive production of leukocytes of the lymphatic type, together with the enlargement of the lymphatic glands and the spleen. Myeloid leukemia on the other hand is a type in which there is an abnormal growth of the myeloid leukocytes and enlargement of the spleen. On the other hand, acute leukemia is characterized by the fast growth of immature blood cells. This swarm makes the bone marrow fail to produce healthy blood cells."

Tags:leukocytes, anemia, acute, chronic, myelogenous

Abstract
This paper first explains that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurological disorder characterized by the progressive degeneration and destruction of motor neurons in the spinal cord and the brain, eventually leading to paralysis and death. The paper then reviews the pathophysiology, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of this illness and reports that there are still no known medications and medical procedures that can reverse the effects of ALS or prevent its onset. However, the paper indicates that extensive research to understand the mechanism of the disease is promising and could produce a significant breakthrough.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Pathophysiology
Current Research
Signs and Symptoms
Screening and Diagnosis
Electromyogram (EMG)
Nerve Conduction Study (NCS)
Imaging
Spinal Tap
Muscle Biopsy
Blood and Urine Tests
Treatment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The initial symptoms of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are typically observed in the distal portions of the body such as the hands and feet. The symptoms then slowly spread to the more proximal portions of the body including the trunk and neck. When the disease has begun to spread to these areas, the bulbar functions of speaking, swallowing and breathing begin to be affected. These body functions are named as such because they are controlled by the motor neurons found in the bulb-like portion of the brain stem."

Tags:complications, predisposition ratio, motor neurons, types riluzole

Abstract
In this patient care study, the author looks at a 62-year-old female with complaints of lower abdominal pain, with hematuria and dysuria. The patient lives at home with her husband. She has seven grown children as well as grandchildren and admits to financial concerns. The author describes the patient's full medical history and all the medical tests and treatments she has undergone prior to this study. The paper gives the results of an intravenous pyelogram, cystoscopy, and biopsy as reported in patient history and gives a full summary of all of the laboratory results. Based on the information given in the tests and the patient's history, the author concludes that the patient has type II diabetes. He suggests that she needs to work on her lifestyle in order for recurring problems not to happen.

Table of Contents
Patient History
Laboratory Tests
Other Nursing Measures
Nursing Process and Care Plan
Nursing Diagnoses
Discharge Summary
Summary

From the Paper
"An intravenous pyelogram produces an image of the kidneys, ureter, and bladder by administering a radiopaque contrast medium that is cleared from the bloodstream and concentrated by the kidneys. This part of the initial assessment of a suspected urologic problem provides a rough estimate of kidney infection. Pre-procedure nursing considerations include: assessment of patient for allergies, the use of laxatives for the elimination of feces and gases from the intestinal tract, liquid restriction 8 to 10 hours before test, and instructions concerning the procedure itself and sensations felt during the procedure. A cystoscopy is the direct visualization of the urethra and bladder using a cystoscope. Sedatives may be used prior to the procedure. A brush biopsy may be performed after a cystoscopic examination in order to obtain cells and surface tissue fragments for histologic analysis."

Tags:urine, pain, examination, arthritis, blood, diet, treatment, condition

Abstract
The paper begins with describing the disease and examines its symptoms and forms. It then looks at ways to diagnose the disease through EMGs nerve conduction velocity, muscle biopsy, blood enzyme testing and other genetic testing. The question of treatment is then discussed , specifying treatment such as multidisciplinary team care, adaptive equipment, exercise, diet, orthopedics, surgery, medication, respiratory therapy, and counseling. Current research of the disease is discussed, concluding with a brief history of muscular dystrophy research.

From the Paper
"Muscular dystrophy is a crippling disorder caused by the gradual wasting of skeletal muscle and is the most common muscle disease of children. Its course is progressive, with increased weakness and reduction of muscle mass and function. This is caused by changes in the physical and chemical structure of the surface and the internal membranes of the muscle cells. In addition, these children may have learning disabilities or cognitive impairments (Batshaw, 1997). Although the chromosomal location and the underlying gene for most forms of muscular dystrophy have been identified, remission does not occur (Case-Smith, 2001). Clinical forms of the disease are recognized based on the pattern of inheritance, age when symptoms are first noticed, and distribution of the muscles earliest involved."

Tags:becker, congenital, duchenne, facioscapulohumeral, girdle

Abstract
This paper defines what breast cancer is, the population it affects, its risk factors, diagnostic tests, and treatment options. The paper also gives an account of a person being treated for breast cancer and subsequently dying.

From the Paper
"Breast cancer is caused by malignant cells in the lining of the milk glands or ducts of the breast . The characteristics of the cancer depend on where in the glandular or ductal unit the cancer occurs and this determines the subtype. Ductal carcinoma, for example, begins in the ducts. Lobular carcinoma involves the lobules or glands. If the cancer has not yet spread it is termed in situ. Once the cancer becomes invasive it can spread to the regional lymph nodes or to other organ systems in..."

Tags:biopsy, mammogram, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, biological therapy

Abstract
This paper begins with a definition of melanoma/amelanotic and describes who is most likely to be affected by this form of malignant skin growth. The paper describes early signs of the disease and its prognosis. It also looks at available treatment such as surgery, chemotherapy and immunotherapy.

From the Paper
"One study, examined by a panel of experienced dermatopathologists, found there was discordance on the diagnosis of melanoma versus benign lesions in 37 of 140 cases (General pg). Another study, examined by a panel of expert pathologists, revealed that 38 percent of cases had two or more discordant interpretations (General pg). Such studies prove how difficult it is to distinguish between benign pigmented lesions and early melanoma (General pg)."

Tags:biopsy, pathologist, Cytopathology

Abstract
A study by the Northern California Cancer Center states that soft tissue sarcomas occur in two out of 100,000 persons in the United States. It also states that leiomyosarcomas are about 20% of soft tissue sarcomas. This means about two in every 500,000 persons in the United States contracts leiomyosarcoma and the rareness of leiomyosarcomas makes them difficult for doctors to study. The paper examines who is affected by this form of malignant cancer and the treatments available.

From the Paper
"Surgery to remove the tumor (called "resection") is the most common first line treatment for soft tissue sarcomas. In efforts to keep the cancer from returning, the surgeon tries to achieve a "clear margin. This means the surgeon may try to remove some healthy tissue that surrounds the tumor. Attaining a clear margin means the chance of cancer cells being left behind are reduced.
Radiation therapy may be used before surgery to shrink the size of the tumor or after surgery to decrease the chances that the cancer will return. Radiation may also be used if surgery is not a viable option. Radiation may be combined with other therapies.(2)"

Tags:Kaposi's, Sarcoma, biopsy, radiation, chemotherapy