Abstract
This paper is on the job description of an aquatic biologist. It includes the main prospective of the job, how biologists deal with it and what is it all about, the different categories of jobs within the same field, what attracts people to the field of biology, and the requirements to be fulfilled for this job.

Tags:aquatic, biologist

Abstract
This paper explains that Garrett Hardin introduced ethics into the environmental equation in "The Tragedy of the Commons", a collection of essays on population and resources, which generated thought-provoking analysis across a wide range of disciplines, including environmental law and politics. The author stresses that Hardin's theories have been debated, if not acknowledged, for over 22 years.The paper comments that history has shown that, overall, humans are more reactive than proactive; it often takes a major experience in one's life to take action.

From the Paper
"Joyner has been involved with CCAMLR as well as the evolution of the Antarctic Treaty of 1959 that meets on matters of environment, meteorology, telecommunications and wide-ranging research, and the Protocol on Environmental Protection adopted in 1991 in Madrid as the legal basis for the protection of Antarctica. The Antarctic marine commons, he says, "is the largest and most conspicuous coherent ecosystem on Earth" (145). Interfering with it, by over-fishing krill, for instance, can endanger the entire system. He stresses how states have put aside their differences so mutual agreements could be reached. He cites how opposing sides in the Cold War cooperated in managing the "frozen commons" that included agreeing to inspection schemes and arms control. "The cases analyzed make it evident that environmental regimes do make a difference," he concludes."

Tags:population, resources, law, politics, proactive

From the Paper
"Alfred Russell Wallace was a leading biologist in the nineteenth century and worked on writings with Charles Darwin. He was indeed one of Darwin's major supporters, in opposition to the alternative point of view embodied in Thomas Huxley and others. Wallace has not remained as well known as these other players in the controversy of the time, though he was extremely important in the development and dissemination of Darwin's theory of natural selection.

Alfred Russell Wallace was born in the village of Usk in Monmouthshire, England in 1823. His father died when Alfred was still young, and not long after that, formal schooling ended for the boy. He then joined his brother, William, in surveying a number of English counties, a task that extended over the next four years, an experience that taught him how to make accurate..."

Tags:BIOGRAPHIES

Abstract
This paper reviews, compares and contrasts three recent articles about environmentalism: (1) "Thinking Like a Mountain", in which biologist Aldo Leopold argues for environmental management; (2) "Places", in which David Ehrenfeld takes on commercial hunting; and (3) "Pollution Starts at Home", in which Stuart Leavenworth offers a scathing revelation of environmental recklessness for commercial purposes. The paper first provides a detailed accounting of the articles' premises and findings and then looks for similarities between them. The paper concludes that regardless of the reason society is using substances that change the environment, the impact will be deleterious for everyone.

From the Paper
"In "Thinking Like a Mountain" biologist Aldo Leopold makes a case for environmental management. In a narrative showing his progression from overzealous protector of deer to an advocate of preserving all species, he emphasizes the total environment and the effect that animal life has on the geographical characteristics of a particular place. When he inadvertently witnesses the death of a wolf, he is moved by the effect the animal's death has on the other animals in its environment. While the wolf poses a danger to the animal forms upon which it preys, it acts as a natural protection against overpopulating the area with one specific life form. On a more direct level, the death of the wolf probably will lead to the eventual deaths of the young wolves in its litter, since the mother is no longer there to protect the young. Leopold describes the interaction of the species on a particular mountain, which he uses as a metaphor for the Earth, and comes to the conclusion that the natural conflicts in the animal kingdom should be allowed to proceed. Wildlife management should be focused on environmental balance, survival of the fittest and preservation of the food chain. It is his contention that reckless or emotional wildlife control ultimately affects the total environment to such an extent that it can literally cause drastic changes in the landscape over time. He offers as proof the changes in the face of the mountain that occur as a result of the extermination of wolves and the resulting overpopulation of deer."

Tags:Aldo, Leopold, mountain, biology, biologist, places, david, ehrenfeld, commercial, hunting, pollution, home, stuart, leavenworth, commercialism

Abstract
Biologist E. Mayr put forth a theory that interplay between human genes and their environment contributes to human evolution. He believes this sets narrow limits on allowable evolutionary changes within a species. The paper shows that developmental biologists believe that the genes active early in development are the oldest acquired genes, while those active in the later stages of development are more recently acquired genes. In this respect, changes in the older genes would have more serious deleterious effects in the individual than changes in the newer genes. This paper produces support for this theory on human evolution by providing examples of human and other mammal development.

From the Paper
"Engels (2) uses the example of human hands to explain the idea of human evolution. He believes that hands are the "perfected product of hundreds of thousands of years of labor. The endless adaption of new manual operations allowed human hands to become indispensable tools." Engels postulates that as apes evolved into man, they adopted an upright posture and began using their hands for purposes other than walking. Even though monkeys used their hands for holding food, clubs to attack their enemies, etc., none has the capacity for using their hands that man does. Since even primitive man was able to fashion tools and spear heads, and even simple jewelry, the muscles, ligaments, and bones must have evolved over time to allow their use in more complicated tasks."

Tags:recapitulation, Genetic, mutations, Geneticist, DNA

Abstract
Author Jack London was greatly influenced by an array of prominent philosophers and it is especially evident in his novel "Martin Eden". The paper describes how the story tells of a young, uneducated man who vies for the affections of Ruth Morris, a young woman of a higher class. Martin Eden decides to educate himself and become a writer in order to gain her respect, and finally her love. The paper shows that the novel, which is an autobiographical tale of London's own search of knowledge, invokes many philosophies, including those of English philosopher, Herbert Spencer, American naturalist and educator, David Starr Jordan and English biologist; Thomas Henry Huxley. The paper shows how these philosophies are incorporated into the novel.

From the Paper
"We understand a "somnambulist" to be someone who walks in his or her sleep. London would be fascinated with Spencer's principals for his entire life, and it believed Spencer was a large influence on London's racialism. Spencer adapted his theory of evolution into a social system where species, individuals and races with the best-acquired traits would survive. A "survival of the fittest" theory known as Socialist Darwinism.
This thinking is evident in Martin Eden, as it is after Eden has gained fame through finally being published does Ruth and her family accepts him."

Tags:First, Principles, Social, Darwinism, Daughter, of, the, Snows, Origin, of, Species

Abstract
This paper discusses how in his controversial book "The God Gene", Dr. Dean Hamer, a molecular biologist, attempts to explain why people from all over the world and from different walks of life believe in their source of higher power. It also examines his contention that spirituality, for the most part, is hardwired into a person's brain as a basic human inheritance--an instinct and that prayer and meditation are deliberate and learned through culture. The paper also looks at how Hamer's book suggests that humans are purposefully designed for spirituality and that neuroscience is unable to neither confirm nor deny this completely.

From the Paper
"Hamer argues that the spiritual disposition is partially inherited and partially learned. There are aspects and effects of beliefs and religious experiences that are discussed throughout the book that would lead a person to think that it is; however, there is also evidence that supports the opposite. He suggests that religion is based in mystical experience and exists because of wiring in the human body that provides followers with experiences that can be interpreted as proof that a higher power in fact exists in reality outside of their own mind. Basically, the human body is behind all of the activities, events, and feelings that a person does, experiences, or has. Included in this are spiritual and religious experiences as well, which are all acts of the mind made from the brain. "

Tags:transcendence, neuroscience

Abstract
This paper discusses the phenomenon of infanticide in the animal kingdom, particularly among primates. It discusses the two ways of looking at the phenomenon from an anthropological perspective and then looks at it from the biologist's point of view. The paper particularly discusses the case for infanticide as a reproductive strategy and suggests that it is a strong case which provides interesting insights into the behaviors of other primate species, especially humans. The paper then describes some of these insights.

From the Paper
"Still, infanticide should be regarded as a reproductive strategy among males. After all, it remains within the female's best interest to mate with a newly dominant male, even if he has killer her infant. Ultimately, this is because the female, having lost her offspring, needs to remain reproductively competitive and to mate with a male. Additionally, if she mates with a non-dominant male, who has not killed her offspring, she runs the risk of the dominant male repeating his actions. Accordingly, she is obligated to mate with the dominant male in order to decrease the risk that her infant will be killed again. It may also be the case that the mothers who are victims of infanticide are physically incapable of preventing the guilty males from mating with them because of the differences in size between the sexes."

Tags:species, reproduction, evolution

Abstract
The paper explains that procedures such as in-vitro translation are based upon the recognition that cells are protein-production facilities. Consequently, when medical researchers consider it necessary to make a particular protein, they can rely upon cells to produce that protein for them. The paper discusses the strengths and weaknesses of this method. The paper then discusses how molecular biologists consider in vitro synthesis of proteins in cell-free extracts to be an important method, for it offers a variety of applications.

From the Paper
"Procedures such as in-vitro translation are based upon the recognition that cells are protein-production facilities. Consequently, when medical researchers consider it necessary to make a particular protein, they can rely upon cells to produce that protein for them. Unfortunately, a number of problems have been experienced because living cells are not very good sources of exogenous proteins, for some proteins are degraded and some are toxic, while other proteins are clumped into inclusion bodies comprised of insoluble aggregates."

Tags:living, cells, proteins, molecular, biologists, biotechnologists

Abstract
This paper explains that the fundamental premise of Myriam Miedzian's "Boys will be Boys" is that violence in society can be drastically reduced, both in terms of war and crime, if society is willing to tear down the traditional archetypes of masculinity. The author points out that one of the most common lines of attack that Miedzian takes into consideration is the notion that somehow the male is biologically inclined to be violent, which stems from the argument put forth by a number of socio-biologists. The paper concludes that proposals for changing this archetype are likely to be insufficient in ultimately shifting the perspective held by society because market forces are likely to continue advertising and supporting the male as a figure of action for the simple reason that it is profitable.

From the Paper
"The second powerful argument that Miedzian is forced to grapple with deals with the theories of political realism. Specifically, the idea that violent and aggressive males are advantageous to society because of foreign struggles and wars. Still, she classifies this premise as false and writes, "The 'real men' who run our country are handicapped by the values of the masculine mystique to make rational foreign policy decisions. . . . The masculine mystique teaches men to be tough, to repress empathy, and not to let moral concerns weigh to heavily when the goal is winning." Overall, she believes that these traits are harmful on a large scale and inevitable lead to unnecessary conflict."

Tags:socio-biologists, competitive, politics, history, market