Abstract
The paper relates that one of the most contentious controversies in the contemporary scientific debate over gender and sexuality is the degree to which Western cultural and political assumptions have contributed to the scientific representation of the biological "truth" of sexuality and gender. The paper argues that, given that modern science has long been dominated by European and North American institutions, so too has its modelling of sexuality and gender been shaped by Euro-American assumptions regarding such things as heterosexuality, homosexuality, and how sexuality and gender are biologically determined phenomena.

From the Paper
"One of the most contentious controversies in the contemporary scientific debate over gender and sexuality is the degree to which Western cultural and political assumptions have contributed to the scientific representation of the biological "truth" of sexuality and gender. While the popular view of the scientific method and research is that its underlying impetus is the objective research and discovery of the nature of humanity and the world in which we live, a number of scholars and..."

Tags:biology, science, gender

Abstract
The paper discusses how from pen and ink to printing press to typewriter and then to computer, the information age has now made us truly citizens of the world. The paper describes how the Internet now allows us to "visit" libraries to interact with people, to buy and sell, to be entertained, to get medical and scintific advice. The paper addresses the criminal and ethical problems, from identity theft to hackers who steal intellectual property, to pornography. But, the paper asserts that we are now so used to the computer that it seems unreasonable to do without it.

From the Paper
"Like it or not, our lives are now inevitably linked to the computer. Not only do we "hook up" socially with people we meet on the Internet, but our private lives are no longer quite as private because most of our data now is in some computer system somewhere. Whether we attend school, go to a specific church, vote for a specific political party, work at a specific job, pay taxes, invest, purchase goods- every bit of information about us is somehow in this "system." So, while computers can help us in this Information Age and we can literally scan the world for anything we need to learn about, at the same time our privacy may be invaded and for that..."

Tags:future, computer, technology

Abstract
This paper explores some of the aspects of the nature versus nurture controversy. The paper studies the complex interplay between genotype and phenotype variables via findings in various disciplines to determine if the genotype (nature aspect) is more influential than the phenotype (the nurture aspect) in determining human behavior.

Background
Literature Review
Methodology

From the Paper
"On the theory that no behavior is more emblematic of a person's behavior than their sexual behavior, which arises from their sexual identity, a study of gender identification and the nature-nurture debate seems a logical one to decide the issue without dissent. (It should be noted, however, that arguably, a case might be made that this is not so, at least in the case of transgendered individuals and those whose behavior includes such contrarian behaviors as cross-dressing.) However, an article by Hausman (2000), dissects the results of enculturation of (and often surgery upon) individuals born with indeterminate physical sexual identifying characteristics. Hausman uses the case of twin sex reassignment to comment on the way gender operates in the nature vs. nurture debate, at least in terms of gender identity."

Tags:homosexuality, duality, enculturation, influences, environmental, anthropology, zoology

Abstract
This paper explores several questions on human nature regarding the long-standing nature vs. nurture debate. The paper examines the pro-nurture position, the beliefs of several well-known philosophers regarding the nature versus nurture question, the implications of the Human Genome Project, and the conclusions of several studies conducted on the link between genetics and the environment.

From the Paper
"The pro-nature side holds that learning or knowledge acquisition, in particular, is in itself a kind of genetic information that is pre-determined by natural selection (Csongradi 2004). Some of the knowledge a person gains may come from interactions or functionally, but what is genetically established will also change or influence the person's experiences. What he learns about the world from the family, school, religion and society in general is something natural and only reinforced over time. This is demonstrated by studies on the pack behavior of animals that grew out of the best chances of procreation and this understanding of the world enhanced both group and individual survival (Csongradi). As in other illustrations, this animal behavior favored the survival of offspring and perpetuated genes that would guarantee that survival. Studies of highly gifted autistic patients also showed that a person can develop extraordinary artistic or scientific talents without requiring nurture."

Tags:hume, descartes, kant, freud, behaviorist, inherited, formation, experience, values, culture

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that bioterrorism is potentially one of the deadlier forms of terrorism because it can be silently introduced amidst large populations to cause untold health problems or large numbers of fatalities as well as create a world-wide panic. The writer maintains that the key to effectively managing and coordinating a biological incident would be early detection and a timely response. The writer then reviews the various detection methods and devices used in biological agent detection and sensing and notes that much progress has been made in the development of these devices however, there is much progress to be made in the future. The writer concludes that enabling health care workers and emergency responders to test the biological agent exposure early in the process of a crisis holds great promise for early detection and eradication of biological agent exposure for the public-at-large in an event or crisis involving biological warfare agents.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Biological Detection Equipment
Bio-Detection Process: A Four-Step Process
Sampler/Collector Types
Two Types of Triggers in Bio-Sensing Technologies
Flow Cytometry
Crisis Management
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The devices are becoming increasingly less expensive and simple to use however, initiatives underway for development of newer devices that are less expensive hold promise in the near future for biological sensing and detection. While the Department of Defense has set out guidelines for Emergency Responders, it is likely that many of the smaller fire departments throughout the country have not yet prepared for this type of crisis. Enabling health care workers and Emergency Responders in testing the biological agent exposure early in the process of a crisis holds great promise for early detection and eradication of biological agent exposure for the public-at-large in an event or crisis involving biological warfare agents."

Tags:eradication, biological, threat, warfare, agent

Abstract
The paper relates that biological psychology can be defined as the "study of behavior and experience in terms of genetics, evolution, and physiology, especially the physiology of the nervous system" (Weiten, 2005, p. 354). The paper explains that through the use of biological psychology there is an attempt made to comprehend human behavior, or more specifically, how human behavior is impacted by biological factors (Weiten, 2005, p. 354). Yet, the paper discusses how biological psychology is not restricted to only human behavior, but includes the study of animal behavior as well and this is accomplished through fields involving and related to biological psychology.

Tags:biological, psych, science

Abstract
This paper examines the human ability to develop and utilize language skills, citing two opposing views of how this is accomplished. One side of the debate contends that humans are hard-wired for language while others feel that that language is a learned trait just like most other aspects of human behavior and skill. These views are further developed in the paper, with research studies and a literature review supporting both sides of the argument. The paper also describes the branch of science devoted to the study of how language developed. The paper concludes by stating that although there is certainly an innate biological basis for language, it is far from the sole cause and progenitor of language.

From the Paper
"There is even an entire branch of science devoted to the study of how language developed, much of it concerned with the historical period, which suggests what seems intuitively true at first glance: that language continues to be adapted and modified, not just in the words we have and use but in the effects and uses of language itself, even as human appear to have basically reached a genetic stasis (Wortham 2008). The field of linguistic anthropology views language as innate part of humanity, it is true, but one that changes as conditions and people change (Wortham 2008). Such transformations would simply not be possible if language were hard-wired into the brain; the language skills we have inherited from the previous generation, and they from theirs, and so on, are simply not adequate to handle the changing landscape of today's world."

Tags:linguistic anthropology, vocabulary, evolution, neurobiology

Abstract
This paper focuses on the increase of women in the workplace, and the resulting effects on women's stress levels and overall health, and the well-being of families. The paper explains that, over the second half of the twentieth century the United States experienced a shift in traditional roles for women, as they moved from a majority of home-makers to a majority of wage earners. Although there are benefits that have been realized with the added income, there are also negative physical and mental side effects that have resulted from this shift as well. One of the most damaging of these negative side effects is the stress that comes with the responsibility of preparing for and maintaining a job or career. In addition to the stress itself, conditions related to the stress are also a major concern in the shift from home to work force, specifically stress related weight gain. This paper presents statistical information on the trend toward women in the work force and shows how the stresses of employment and career preparation, combined with the biological wiring of women, is manifesting itself in the form of unprecedented weight gain in the population of the United States, especially among women.

From the Paper
"This alone is not earth shattering news, as we are all aware of this trend, but the chain reaction that this started and the damaging effects of it are just starting to be realized and understood. Due to the imbalance between the two environments compromises had to be made. As more hours were being dedicated to work, this meant that fewer hours were left for care giving, which resulted in a shortage of this necessary resource (Stebbins, 2001, p. 40). In 1990 the National Child Care Study was released and indicated a shortage of infant and child care in the United States, and further showed that more than 3.5 million school-age children were spending time after school unsupervised. To make matters worse, we are also entering a period where, due to the baby boomer generation, the percentage of elderly persons that also require care is increasing dramatically as well. In fact, it was estimated that in 1995 almost 1 in 4 households were providing care for persons over the age of 50 (Stebbins, 2001, pp. 105-107). Not only did the situation created by this shift fit the definition of stress, but the employment created a source of stress in itself."

Tags:labor, obesity, weight, gain

Abstract
This paper explains that Mario Livio's book "The Golden Ratio: The Story of Phi, the World's Most Astonishing Number", chronicles the history of, not of a person, thing, or concept, but a number. The paper then relates that this number phi, or notion of proportionality or the 'Golden Ratio', however, has been invested with so much cultural, emotional, and religious importance that it has taken on a character of its own. Next, the paper points out that the reason that phi is astonishing is because, for centuries, our fascination with proportion and beauty has made its properties an object of wonder. The paper concludes that, although Livio ultimately deflates the mystery of phi, his book is a helpful explanation not just of the number but also of why balance and symmetry dominates so many modern discussions of art and architecture.

From the Paper
"But ultimately, astrophysicist Mario Livio says that creating this mysterious proportion is no different than a person cutting a piece of string into pieces. While the 'Golden Ratio' appears in many natural phenomena, some supposed appearances are really not true 'Golden Ratios' (such as the Pyramids and Parthenon) and all appearance of perfection is based in human notions of proportionality. It is evidence of humans looking at nature, not that nature or God through nature looking back at us. We see perfection and proportionality because we are looking for it in nature."

Tags:pi, proportionality, pyramids, nature, biologically-wired

Abstract
In this paper the author explains why she so desires to attend the University of Westminster. The author describes her background and interest in languages and the translation process as well as her special interest in the translation of technical language. The author also explains why she is a qualified applicant for the university.

From the Paper
"The art and craft of translation is my passion, and how the multitudes of the languages I speak and seek to perfect can be merged into the communications field shall become the passion of my future. I have longed love the translation process involved in translating one foreign language into another. My native language is Italian, but I am also well versed in English and Spanish. My degree thesis was entitled "The Casebook of Forensic Detection," under the supervision of Professor Adriana Bisirri. It was a work of scientific translation, but I tried to make it one of literary merit as well as clinical accuracy, under the watchful eye of Professor Bisirri."

Tags:biological, forensic, sciences, circuits, wires, computers, fluency, literacy, ability