Abstract
John Searle, a contemporary philosopher of mind, in his book, "The Rediscovery of the Mind", talks about his theory of the mind, which he calls "biological naturalism". This paper expresses Searle's theory of the mind and concentrates on his critique of materialism. Although he believe that materialism is wrong in its current version, he thinks that materialism and science represent the path that will lead us to the solution of the mind/body problem. This paper shows how Searle thinks that, in the future, science will be able to tell us the relationship between mind and the body. Thus, with his biological naturalism, instead of disregarding the mental, he believes that the mental exists and emerges from the physical. It discusses how materialism is the path to take in order to investigate this emergent relationship between the physical and the mental.

From the Paper
"For a long time now, scientists and philosophers have been challenged with the problem of how to complete the "mind-body" picture by finding a place in the physical world for our minds themselves, with their perceptual experiences, thoughts, desires, and much else that is not described by physics. The power of Descartes' intuitive dualist argument is considerable, but dualism, in general, is now a rare view among philosophers, most of whom accept some kind of materialism. They believe that everything there is and everything that happens in the world must be capable of description by physical science. Consequently, most efforts to complete the scientific world view in a materialist form have proceeded by some sort of reduction of the mental to the physical where the physical, by definition, is that which can be described in non-mental terms."

Tags:biological, body, descartes, dualism, mind, naturalism, philosophy, physicalism, rediscovery

Abstract
The paper discusses the research conducted on twins that has shown significant physiological conditions in those twins afflicted with schizophrenia. Despite these findings, the paper reveals that the debate as to the physiological nature of the disease versus the psychological nature of it has continued through the years. The paper provides more evidence to support the contention that schizophrenia is a patho-physiological disease and concludes that in the future, we may be able to identify the genetic patterns and identifiers of those people who will become afflicted with the disease.

Outline:
The Path of Schizophrenia
The Debate

From the Paper
"Searching for the precursors to schizophrenia is like searching through the ashes of a burned home looking for the clues as to the single tiny light on the Christmas tree that ignited it, starting the fire that burned the house down. Schizophrenia is a pathophysiological condition, which remains largely a dark secret to the individual suffering the disease, the family and friends who try to accept and understand it, and to the medical community providing the support in treatment and care to the patients diagnosed with the disease.
"Often times an individual's history has no sign of trauma, or other events that mental health workers often look for when trying to understand a patient's condition in order to design a treatment plan that addresses that condition (Hienrichs, R. Walter, 2001, p. 4). Where does the therapist look, then, to understand the pathophysiological condition? R. Walter Heinrichs (2001) writes that schizophrenia is a disease of ideas, emotions, ultimate privacy, and the annihilation of privacy (p. 21)."

Tags:twins, genetics, brain, hippocampus

Abstract
Research into these behavioral disorders suggests that brain chemistry and genetics are responsible for predisposition to the conditions, with environmental aspects also a factor. This paper examines the biological approach looking for the definite genetic cause and the child development approach looking at the impact of the environment. Each of these approaches looks at the problem with a different focus and with each approach comes a different understanding of the nature of behavioral conditions in children.

From the Paper
"Cognitive development is described by Jean Piaget's four stages theory. Piaget describes four stages that every child develops through, where in each stage the child thinks differently, acquiring new thinking skills with every stage. These stages are sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. In the sensorimotor period a child's behavior is determined by looking, seeing and feeling, rather than thinking. In the preoperational period children lack the ability to think logically, they assume their experience is the same as everyone else's, they are unable to rearrange their thoughts and they mix up cause and effect. "

Tags:genetics, cognitive, development, piaget, ADHD, autism

Abstract
This paper explains that the main cause of pollution resulting from the use of fireplaces and wood burning stoves is produced when the wood does not completely combust, and instead ,releases gases, especially PM10, and particulate matters into the air in the form of smoke. The author points out that PM10 causes major lung damage, which is particularly harmful for young children and the elderly; wood smoke has been shown to be just as hazardous as cigarette smoke, and it should be taken just as seriously. The paper suggests that homeowners can prevent excessive pollution from their wood-burning stoves by starting their fires with a soft wood so that the fire burns quickly, by building a small hot fire, which quickly heats up the chimney and gets a good draft going, and by choosing a hard wood or manufactured logs, which burn longer and cleaner, emitting more heat and less creosote.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Nature and Origin of the Problem
History and Current Status
Health Effects
Biological Effects
Standards and Regulations
Management and Remediation
Comparison with Other Heat Sources
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Air pollution has a major impact on the environment in California because it affects many things from our health to our property, and ultimately the environment. When the issue of pollution arises, most associate the source of the problem to be large cities with thousands of polluting cars and dirty industries; however, the use of wood burning stoves has become an increasing source of severe air pollution in rural areas. Studies show that, "woodstoves release far more air pollution than heaters using other fuels." Not only does the wood smoke present health hazards for the people living in the area, it also clouds the air and reduces visibility."

Tags:pm10, california, manufactured, health, hot

Abstract
This paper addresses the environmental problem of overfishing from a global perspective, explaining that it is an international problem that requires international solutions. The paper explores the biological nature of the problem and possible solutions.

From the Paper
"According to Udy Bell, writing for "UN Chronicle", over fishing refers to the practice of commercial fishing which depletes a fishery by catching so many adult fish that not enough remain to breed and replenish the population. Bell notes that fishing is central to the livelihood and food security of about million people, especially in the developing world. Bell adds that one out of five people depend on fish as their primary source of protein. Concerns regarding overfishing were addressed at the World Summit on Sustainable Development..."

Tags:Environmental Problem, Overfishing, extinction, protien, cheating, international law, United Nations, solutions, global perspective, biological nature of the problem

Abstract
This paper introduces, discusses and analyzes the sustainability movement. Specifically, the paper discusses the definition of the sustainability movement, reviews examples of the movement and focuses on sustainability and natural resources. The paper reports that the sustainability movement is gaining ground in the United States and around the world. The paper goes on to discuss how, in order for the planet and her people to survive, the world's people must embrace the sustainability movement, for modern man is using up the Earth's resources at an alarming, and perhaps catastrophic rate.

Outline:
I. Introduction
a. Thesis Statement
II. Define Sustainability
a. Use national and International Definitions.
b. Also Define Sustainability and Natural Resources.
III. Describe the Sustainability Movement
a. Biodiversity
b. Ecology
c. Community
d. Commerce
e. Natural Resources
f. Biosphere
IV. Biodiversity
a. Describe how Biodiversity and Sustainability Support One
Another.
b. Use "biodiversity in food" to Show How Consumers can make a
Difference When They Buy Food.
V. Sustainability and Natural Resources
a. Describe how the natural world works in relationship to
sustainability.
b. Discuss the Overfishing of the Oceans.
c. Discuss Genetic Crops
d. Discuss the Natural World and the Effects of Global Warming.
e. Discuss Other Natural Resource Issues, such as Animals
Displaced by Global Warming and Other Issues.
f. Problems
g. Application of Elements.
VI. Education and Sustainability
a. Use Goodall Institute information to show how educating
children now can create future sustainability leaders.
VII. Create new sustainability project that has to do with natural
resources. (Create a local, accepted currency.)
a. Identify and Describe Project.
b. Explain how to pitch it to community, including businesses it
would affect.
c. Problems and Solutions.
VIII. Conclusion

From the Paper
"Creating the program relies on support from local businesses and banks, and thus, it would need to be "pitched" to local businesses and banks. The most difficult aspect of convincing others would be that the community currencies work, and help grow local businesses. Using models on the east coast as an example of successful programs should be an aspect of the pitch. For example, Ithaca, New York created "Ithaca Hours" which are worth $10 (the average hourly wage in Ithaca). The dollars became so popular that local credit union employees took part of their salaries in "Hours," and a newspaper grew to advertise participating businesses and offer low-cost ads for businesses who accepted the Hours. Many other communities have created their own currencies as well, and the models for these endeavors should be used to convince the local community that it can work and it can help the economy (Swann and Witt). "

Tags:Amazon, River, watershed, tropical, jungle, ecology, environment, biological, biosphere

Abstract
This paper proposes that Darwin's theories need to be re-analyzed and considered together with today's advances in science and with the advantage of hindsight and modernity. The paper explains what Darwin's theory is and then explores the issues and problems with the theory in light of today's knowledge.

Contents
Introduction
Anthropomorphic Animal Understanding
Assumed Intelligence or Programmed Response
Environmental Stresses as a Precursor to Change
The Difference Between Animals and Humans
Darwin?s Assumption
Examples in Plant Life
Positive Response to Environmental Stress
Chemical and Biological Programming for the Well-being of the Species
Examples in Animal Life
Well-Fed Bears
Maladaptive Response to Reward Training
Discussion
Conclusion

From the Paper
This hypothesis does not take into consideration the positive nature of adverse conditions. This hypothesis does not address that learned behaviors, a mental cognitive function, may not be the only factors influencing the animal's behaviors. In humans, we have the ability to use our mental abilities to overcome fears, to relearn habits, and to change behaviors. Humans have the ability to, as a result of stresses or reward, chart an individual course of action unrepentant of environmental stimuli. As a facilitator of the success of individualization, we also have the ability to overcome environmentally adverse conditions if necessary in order to complete our mentally cognitive chosen course of action.

Tags:animal, bear, food, nature, survival, fit

Abstract
This paper begins by defining water pollution. It explains that there are three main types - those of a chemical nature, biological nature, and physical materials that degrade water quality. Each of these three types are classified into five main categories of water pollution. The paper then explain how each of these classifications has its own set of problems and hazards and specifies its solutions.

From the Paper
"Comprising over seventy percent of the Earth's surface, water is undeniably the most valuable natural resource. Life on Earth would be non-existent without water; it is essential for everything on our planet to grow. All organisms contain water; some live in it; some drink it. Plants and animals require water that is pure, and they cannot survive if their water is loaded with toxic chemicals or harmful microorganisms. Yet even though humans recognize this fact, the population has disregarded it by polluting the rivers, lakes, and oceans of the world. Consequently, we are harming our planet. In addition to organisms vanishing due to lack of non-polluted water, the drinking water has become greatly affected, as has the population's ability to use water for farming and recreational purposes. In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the causes of water pollution, and ways in which water pollution can be prevented."

Tags:hazard, health, environment

Abstract
This essay looks at how Mary Shelley's " Frankenstein" is a story that is the possible precursor of a modern cloning experiment gone bad. The author discusses the ethical problems related to human cloning, and how the monster created by Dr. Frankenstein serves as a warning against mankind's efforts to interfere with nature.

From the Paper
"The story of Dr. Frankenstein and his unfortunate monster illustrates how much havoc could be wreaked on society by anyone person who attempts to "play God". In the nineteenth century, there was a far greater belief that the creation of life was the province of God alone. Now technologically advanced science is a multi-billion dollar industry and the progress of genetics in the last decade is far outpacing the legislation that society has to monitor its application. Even in 1818, Mary Shelley raises the idea that we, as a society, were in grave danger of becoming far cleverer and more scientifically able than we were wise. It is for these reasons that Mary Shelley makes some of Dr. Frankenstein last words, in Chapter XIII, read like a terrible warning to mankind, one that stands against cloning today: "Man," I cried, "how ignorant art thou in thy pride of wisdom! Cease; you know not what it is you say."

Tags:doctor, victor, mary, shelley, science, biological, morality, genetic, monster, experimentation, god, technology, nature

Abstract
This paper looks at how Sigmund Freud is considered the father of psychoanalysis and how his views are practiced today. It examines how Freud's view models the development of personality, a philosophy of human nature and a method of psychotherapy. It also discusses how he believed human nature is deterministic and determined by internal forces, unconscious motivation, and biological and instinctual drives.

Outline
History
Psychoanalytic View of Personality
Goal of Psychoanalysis Therapy
Typical Problems People Bring to Counselors
Developmental Stages
What to Expect in Counseling

From the Paper
"The theory of psychoanalysis in treatment creates a blank-screen from which to work from. This aids in uncovering any repressed thoughts and emotions that could be causing the client's neurosis. Here the client is expected to talk freely about the earliest occurrences of childhood memories or symptoms. The therapist does not disclose much about oneself and remains neutral trying to foster a transference relationship. Object-relations theory is a basis for assessment and builds on the client/therapist relationship to determine if there is or was an important person the client was attached to."

Tags:id, ego, personality, super