Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that bioterrorism is potentially one of the deadlier forms of terrorism because it can be silently introduced amidst large populations to cause untold health problems or large numbers of fatalities as well as create a world-wide panic. The writer maintains that the key to effectively managing and coordinating a biological incident would be early detection and a timely response. The writer then reviews the various detection methods and devices used in biological agent detection and sensing and notes that much progress has been made in the development of these devices however, there is much progress to be made in the future. The writer concludes that enabling health care workers and emergency responders to test the biological agent exposure early in the process of a crisis holds great promise for early detection and eradication of biological agent exposure for the public-at-large in an event or crisis involving biological warfare agents.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Biological Detection Equipment
Bio-Detection Process: A Four-Step Process
Sampler/Collector Types
Two Types of Triggers in Bio-Sensing Technologies
Flow Cytometry
Crisis Management
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The devices are becoming increasingly less expensive and simple to use however, initiatives underway for development of newer devices that are less expensive hold promise in the near future for biological sensing and detection. While the Department of Defense has set out guidelines for Emergency Responders, it is likely that many of the smaller fire departments throughout the country have not yet prepared for this type of crisis. Enabling health care workers and Emergency Responders in testing the biological agent exposure early in the process of a crisis holds great promise for early detection and eradication of biological agent exposure for the public-at-large in an event or crisis involving biological warfare agents."

Tags:eradication, biological, threat, warfare, agent

Abstract
The paper relates that biological psychology can be defined as the "study of behavior and experience in terms of genetics, evolution, and physiology, especially the physiology of the nervous system" (Weiten, 2005, p. 354). The paper explains that through the use of biological psychology there is an attempt made to comprehend human behavior, or more specifically, how human behavior is impacted by biological factors (Weiten, 2005, p. 354). Yet, the paper discusses how biological psychology is not restricted to only human behavior, but includes the study of animal behavior as well and this is accomplished through fields involving and related to biological psychology.

Tags:biological, psych, science

Abstract
The paper reveals that there can scarcely be any doubt that Q Fever is a biological weapon that, if employed by the United States military (or anyone else, for that matter) can inflict damage upon an unsuspecting population. The paper briefly lists the means by which the infection is spread, the symptoms which typify it, and the peculiar ways in which a terrorist organization might wish to introduce it to a vulnerable populace.

From the Paper
"There can scarcely be any doubt that Q Fever is a biological weapon that, if employed by the United States military (or anyone else, for that matter) can inflict damage upon an unsuspecting population. The next few pages will briefly list the means by which the infection is spread, the symptoms which typify it, and the peculiar ways in which a terrorist organization might wish to introduce it to a vulnerable populace. The available literature indicates that Q Fever is highly infectious and as few as 10 Q Fever microbes are needed in order to precipitate an infection; the disease is mostly spread through the air but it can also be..."

Tags:fever, biological, weapon

Abstract
The paper posits that the argument that personality traits have a biological and genetic basis is much older than one might assume. The paper notes that though there isn't much love for the notion that biology plays a determining role in human personality development, the idea can be traced back at least as far as Darwin's era when 19th century naturalists began to propose a genetic basis for intelligence. The paper explains that such an argument is generally held in unfavorable light, and this is primarily the result of the misguided assumption that biology is synonymous with fixity. In other words, many psychologists, scientists, and laymen are disturbed by the possibility that human personality is a function of genes--which are largely immutable--rather than the environment--which can be more easily controlled.

From the Paper
"The argument that personality traits have a biological and genetic basis is much older than one might assume. Though there isn't much love for the notion that biology plays a determining role in human personality development, the idea can be traced back at least as far as Darwin's era when 19th century naturalists began to propose a genetic basis for intelligence. However, such an argument is generally held in unfavorable light. This is primarily the result of the misguided assumption that biology is synonymous with fixity. In other words, many psychologists, scientists, and laymen are disturbed by the possibility that human..."

Tags:biology, evolution, personality

Abstract
The paper discusses the evidence for the argument that racism and sexism, like all other attitudes and behaviors, are shaped by factors both genetic and environmental. The paper examines the growing awareness on the part of the academic community of the complex inter-relationships between cultural and environmental factors and biological factors and suggests that, yes indeed, biology or genotypic constitution plays a role in the racist or sexist attitudes individuals may harbor.

From the Paper
"It seems intuitive to argue that racism and sexism, like all other attitudes and behaviors, are shaped by factors both genetic and environmental. For instance, just as it is well-known that genotype-environment interaction plays a key role in human obesity (Perusse & Bouchard, 1999), it is well-known (at least in some circles) that genetic heritage and environmental influences play a key role in the formulation of social attitudes (Abrahamson et al 2002) and in the..."

Tags:biology, racism, sexism

Abstract
The paper relates that one of the most contentious controversies in the contemporary scientific debate over gender and sexuality is the degree to which Western cultural and political assumptions have contributed to the scientific representation of the biological "truth" of sexuality and gender. The paper argues that, given that modern science has long been dominated by European and North American institutions, so too has its modelling of sexuality and gender been shaped by Euro-American assumptions regarding such things as heterosexuality, homosexuality, and how sexuality and gender are biologically determined phenomena.

From the Paper
"One of the most contentious controversies in the contemporary scientific debate over gender and sexuality is the degree to which Western cultural and political assumptions have contributed to the scientific representation of the biological "truth" of sexuality and gender. While the popular view of the scientific method and research is that its underlying impetus is the objective research and discovery of the nature of humanity and the world in which we live, a number of scholars and..."

Tags:biology, science, gender

Abstract
This paper traces the origins and history of biological weapons, especially in the United States. In knowing its history, this research also looks into the development of technology as one of the precursors that helped "develop" and proliferate the creation of microorganisms that can destroy not only the human body, but the Earth's physical environment as well. Furthermore, the use of biological weapons as an alternative for weapons in the act of terrorism and as a means to destroy another nation or society is also studied and analyzed, thereby putting the production of biological weapons in its socio-political context. Classifications of biological weapons presently produced are also identified. Lastly, measures and policies formulated to encourage and promote non-proliferation of biological weapons, a socio-political issue, is also tackled.

From the Paper
"The origin and history of biological weapons can be traced as far back as the 14th century, where plague epidemics become biological weapons used by conquerors in order to easily overpower other nations/societies. In American history, biological weapons use is evident in the use of the smallpox disease as a way for the French and British forces to defeat the Native Americans, original inhabitants of the US territory, in the 18th century (Lederberg, 1999:18-9). Biological weaponry has become more developed in the 20th century, during the First World War, when Germany used "wind-blown chlorine" as a weapon to physically weaken the enemy's army forces. Germany's use of chlorine later developed to phosgene to mustard gas, attacking the skin and lungs of its victims, proving itself to be a pervasive form of biological weapon, since gas masks proved to be "ineffective" protection to this biological weapon (Falkenrath, 1998)."

Tags:mass, destruction, proliferation, terrorism

Abstract
This research paper, entitled "The History and Use of Biological Weapons," provides an overview and discussion of how biological weapons are used by terrorists and war-makers. The paper includes some examples of how they have been used in the past, how they could be used in future attacks and an assessment of the ramifications of their use. The paper explains the science of the biological weapons.

From the Paper
"Even though the use of biological weapons has been a fairly recent phenomenon, the direct use of biological warfare against enemy personnel is very old. Today, however, the use of biological weapons such as anthrax in our country's mails has received enormous levels of attention because of its direct impact on the nation and on each of us as potential targets. That is what makes it such an effective terrorist tool, but overall, biological warfare is tricky stuff indeed -- just as likely to kill the bearer as the intended recipient."

Tags:bioterrorism, international, relations, terrorism

Abstract
This paper surveys the relevant evidence suggesting that the United States helped Iraq acquire biological agents. The evidence pertains to major claims about the United States and Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War. One is that the United States ignored signs that Iraq was using biological weapons. Another is that the United States directly sent samples of biological agents to Iraq. The paper then surveys the events in question chronologically, by evaluating the evidence and ascertaining when the alleged events took place, within the context of the Iran-Iraq War.

From the Paper
"Whether the US aided Iraq in obtaining or producing biological weapons is controversial. Over the years, many people have pointed out the irony that the United States helped arm Saddam Hussein in the Iraq-Iran War, and that this has come back to haunt the government. It is clear that the United States supplied military assistance in various forms during the Iran-Iraq War; that is not in question. However, whether the United States played a role in or facilitated Iraq's acquiring or producing biological weapons is more controversial. The evidence suggests that the United States played some sort of role in helping Iraq acquire biological agents and ignored their use of chemical weapons, but there is no evidence that the United States helped Iraq create or acquire actual biological weapons."

Tags:UN, Rumsfeld, Iran, Persian, Gulf, Kuwait, Hussein

Abstract
This paper discusses the book "Germs" that reviews recent history and threats of biological or germ weapons. The paper states that biological weapons are an increased threat in today's world where terrorists are the likely enemy rather than recognized foreign governments and the risks of biological attacks are greater since knowledge of these weapons is commonplace and germ technology is an affordable alternative to nuclear weapons. The author concludes, given that we now live in the world predicted by the authors, the book seems redundant even though it was published in 2001.

From the Paper
"Recent times have seen the increase in the virility and willingness to use biological weapons. Chapter one outlines the first use in 1984 of a biological weapon against Americans on American soil. An imported religious cult, who called themselves Sannyasins, poisoned townspeople in Oregon by spreading salmonella over foods in local salad bars. The following chapters outline how weapons programs in post World War II Russia and the United States developed biological agents of increasing power and potency. Technological advances in the understanding of DNA and genetic engineering took germ weapons to new levels of sophistication, each superpower trying to outpace the other."

Tags:threat, affordable, america, anthrax, diseases