Abstract The paper states that the US is the largest producer of corn in the world, with the massive overproduction currently directed to producing ethanol. This paper examines the issues relating to corn ethanol production and comparisons are made between corn ethanol and other oil based fuels, as well as a comparison between corn ethanol and other forms of biofuel which have recently been developed.
Outline:
Introduction
Corn Ethanol and Oil Fuels
Importance of Corn Biofuel Production of Corn Biofuel Energy Input to Production
Ethanol Practical and Competitive Uses
Other Biofuels Biologically Based Ethanol
Biodiesel
The Future of Biofuels Conclusions
From the Paper "Early reports showed that there was a requirement for more energy in the process of producing ethanol than the energy source would release and there were several other studies in the twenty years which followed which confirmed these findings. The majority of this energy is assumed to come from fossil fuels (Pimentel and Patzek), which implies that corn ethanol is actually no better than simply using fossil fuels when production is taken into account. It has also been shown that the burning of corn ethanol in automobiles also contributes significantly to air pollution. "
Abstract This paper addresses the question whether or not governments should mandate the shift to biofuels. To address this issue, the paper discusses various related issues such as the role of governments in the expanded use of biofuels. The author argues in favor of governments mandating the shift to biofuels because of their authority, influence, clout and moral responsibility towards controlling and regulating the challenging shift to biofuels.
Outline:
Introduction
Biofuel Defined
The Role of Governments in the Expanded Use of Biofuels Ecological & Economic "Ripple Effects"
Further Consequences to Mass Shift to Biofuels Arguments For/or Against Mandating the Shift to Biofuels Summary
From the Paper "The impact of biofuel is extensive. With biofuel costing less than fuel derived from traditional sources (Matthews, 2007), their production and use allow countries to save in their petroleum imports and strengthen their energy security by becoming less dependent on foreign oil. Biofuel is also environment friendly as these fuels do not release toxic gas that lead to global warming and greenhouse effect. The production of biofuel also creates income and labor opportunities especially in developing countries (Matthews, 2007; Abano, 2007). This could subsequently lead to poverty alleviation and food security as more people will have jobs and money to buy food (Northoff, 2004). As the production of biofuels can be tailored to the environment of different countries, its production can be cost effective given the local sourcing of raw materials. Similarly, this diversifies agricultural and forestry production for use in a lucrative industry such as alternative fuel production (Northoff, 2004).
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Tags: bioenergy, bioethanol, biodiesel, Philippines, Brazil, UN, energy, agriculture
Abstract This paper looks at biofuel which is gas or liquid fuel made from plant material. In particular, it looks at how biofuels are a new way to tackle the problem of renewable energy. The paper explores ways of generating biofuels, their applications in the real world and looks at new ways in which biofuels are being utilised by the world to combat and try to reduce the reliance on fossil fuels.
From the Paper "The process of biomass gasification is distinctly different form that of biogas production. Gasification is the process by which solid biomass materials are broken down using heat to produce a combustible gas, commonly known as producer gas. Common feedstocks for combustion include wood and charcoal. A biomass gasification plant consists of a reactor, into which the solid biomass fuel is fed (ITDG, 2004). The supply of air to the fuel is carefully controlled; this allows only partial combustion of the fuel to take place. During the process gases are released, these gasses are then collected and can then be used as a fuel gas (Quaak, Knoef, Stassen, 1999). Several combustible gases are given off - hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane - as well as carbon dioxide and nitrogen. There are two types of reactor for this process; the fluidised bed reactor, which is used with large-scale gasification system, and the fixed bed reactor, which is used for small-scale producer gas systems (Stassen, 1995). "
Abstract This paper discusses the biofuel developments in Brazil and the many issues surrounding it. It also serves as an introduction to biofuel efficacy and creates a sense of the current epicenter of biofuel use and production. The paper discusses the history of biofuel use in Brazil, the effects it has had on culture and economy, the pros and cons of biofuel, the import and export market effects, cost differentiation, sugar versus corn ethanol, auto technology in Brazil, and provides a discussion of US and other international responses to Brazil's programs.
Outline:
Executive Summary
History of Biofuel in Brazil
How Brazil Import Export Market is Effected
History and Policy of bio-diesel in Brazil
Affects on Culture and Economy in Brazil
Change of Dependence from Fossil Fuel to Biofuel Degree of Success
Environmental Effects
Pros of Biofuel Cons of Biofuels Cost of Oil vs. Ethanol
Sugar Ethanol vs. Corn Ethanol
US Response
From the Paper "The cost of oil versus ethanol is debated, as the whole picture is required for an understanding of the cost issue. With fossil fuel derived oil the earth has done the work of people with regard to creating a close to finished product. Though it is also important to note that depending on the feedstock used to create the fuel the cost can vary. Sugar ethanol is subsidized in Brazil, taxed at a lower rate and sold for half the price of traditional fuel, yet this does not completely reflect the cost in total of either. Cost must also be discussed with regards to vehicle changes, Brazil converted the car to met the fuel while most nations are doing the reverse, trying to build a car to run on a particular fuel, a more costly process. "
Abstract This paper examines the problems that arise with the inexpensive foods that flood the market. The paper first explains how the global food trade can have a negative effect on the agriculture in developing countries. The paper then discusses the possibility of using crops for biofuels and examines the benefits and drawbacks of this solution. The paper concludes by stating that just continuing with the situation as usual is not an option.
From the Paper "The concept of food trade seems such a simple one on its face. All people must eat in order to survive. If people have a surplus of food, it is better than if they have only a subsistence level of food or an insufficient quantity of food, no matter where that food comes from or what type of food is being produced. Inexpensive food is always better; lower prices mean more people spend less on food and quality of life improves all around. Global trade is better for the food trade because it keeps food prices lower. Finally, more land has to be dedicated to food production. All of these things seem simple and true on their faces, but how reliable are these statements?"
Tags: poverty, hunger, imports, corn, soybean, farmers, aid
Abstract The paper discusses the causes of climate change that include the consumption of fossil fuels and the livestock industry. The paper then turns to the solutions that involve using clean burning biofuels, exploring nuclear energy, and reducing our dependence on livestock. The paper contends that we must reverse our utilitarian way of thinking and approach the problem with the sole interest of saving the environment itself. The paper also emphasizes that many changes in our everyday lives are necessary to make an impact on the environment.
From the Paper "One of today's most important and intense debates is whether climate change is occurring and if humans are the cause of the problem. Changes in the atmosphere, the oceans, glaciers and ice caps now show unmistakably that the world is warming due to human activities, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) stated in their 2007 report. Anthropogenic factors are acts by humans that change the environment and alter the climate. Various theories of human caused climate change have been debated and explored for many years. The issue of whether climate change is occurring or not isn't a valid question anymore, the fact of the matter is that it is occurring, and humans are causing it- backed up by scientific research including proof of human interference with greenhouse gas emissions, glacial geology and evidence of changing habitats due to rising temperatures."
Abstract The subject under review here stems from the need for the world to transfer its oil dependence to an alternative source of energy. The research presented constitutes an endorsement for a different form of alternative fuel from petroleum or biofuel. It also helps shed light on the drawbacks to biofuel as they outweigh the prospective benefits.
Outline:
Abstract
Executive Summary
Proposal: Critical Literature Review
Objective
Research Question and Thesis
Introduction
Literature Review
Findings
Discussion
From the Paper "There is a clear and irrevocable need for the world community and major industrialized nations such as the United States to reduce their dependency on petroleum which, as a fuel source, is environmentally destructive and precipitous of fractious world politics. A popular interest has developed on the part of those in the agriculture and oil industries, as well as within the American government, of considering the potential value of biofuel as a viable alternative fuel source. Typically taking the form of ethanol, biofuel is in that context an alcohol-based fuel converted from the fermented sugars of plant cellulose. Given this point of origin, it is generally a cleaner burning fuel than most fossil fuels. For this reason, biofuels have commanded a great deal of attention in the discourse over possible alternative fuel foci."
Abstract The technology of converting of food into fuel (bio fuel) is examined in this paper. The chemical process is explained and the various forms of food that could possibly be used, are listed. The advantages and disadvantages of such a process are discussed and environmental considerations provided.
From the Paper "Research shows that several types of vegetable oils are applicable for diesel engine work, such as canola, coconut, peanut, corn, cottonseed, rapeseed, safflower, sesame, sunflower, and soybean oil. Both pure and waste oils are applicable, known as Straight Vegetable Oil (SVO) and Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO), based on local abundance and preference of each region. It also opens opportunities to use animal fat as the substitute of the oils."
Abstract The paper explains the limitations and disadvantages of using petroleum and discusses the interest of American consumers in switching to automobiles powered by ethanol. The paper also looks at the position of the government and oil companies and looks at the subgroups of consumers and framers who would be the most affected. In addition, the paper discusses the drawbacks of using ethanol but concludes with a personal position that supports ethanol as a long-tern alternative.
Outline:
Problems with Petroleum
Existing Market for Petroleum and Ethanol
Causes in Market Shifts
Response of Companies and the Government
Subgroups Affected
Conclusions of Experts
My Personal Position
From the Paper "Not only is petroleum a depleting resource, but vehicle emissions running on petroleum have created a pollution problem in the United States and most of the industrialized world. These emissions have increased the green house gases in the earth's atmosphere and in turn have led to global warming. Billionaire businessman Ted Turner has helped bring this issue to the forefront of the energy debate, stating, "'I think dealing with climate change is going to be the biggest single challenge humanity has ever faced, and we're facing it now'" (Dittrick, 2007, p. 26)."
Abstract This paper explains that both candidates in the 2008 presidential election are very friendly towards the environment. The author points out that John McCain seems to have more environmental solutions and has made progressive actions to help the environment; whereas, Barak Obama seems to have more green-friendly stances, especially in the area of biofuels. The paper states that the liberal candidate will always be supported by environmental groups and, in general the liberal candidate is indeed greener; however, in this election, the republican candidate can be considered to be pro-environment and not a bad choice for those who support green policies.
From the Paper "John McCain has always been more of an independent then a staunch republican. As a result of this, he has more green policies then many of his republican allies. One of the reasons behind this is the fact that he lives in Arizona. People there support green policies and are very environmentally friendly. There are 27 state parks in Arizona, along with 21 national parks and monuments. Also, clean sources of energy, such as solar panels and windmills, are widely used. Also, there are 13 dams (including the Hoover dam) that provide hydroelectric power to the citizens of Arizona."
Abstract This paper discusses how ethanol extraction from corn is altering the cultivation and distribution pattern of this major crop in the United States in a significant manner. While the proponents of ethanol as an additive to gasoline are enthusiastic about the transformation it has brought about in the rural areas of United States by creating job opportunities and reducing fuel costs, critics are equally vehement in their view of the criminal neglect of hunger facing humanity in less developed parts of the world, as a vital food cereal is being 'burnt' uneconomically to provide fuel for running vehicles. The paper examines both aspects critically by putting forward the scientifically derived opinions of agriculturists and economists from both factions.
Outline:
Ethanol from Corn
The US Scene
Impact of Fuel Prices at the Pump
Impact on Food Prices in the US (And the Rest of the World)
Impact on Farmland Prices and Large Agribusiness Firms in US
Impact on Agricultural Exports and Overall Balance Of Payments
Environmental Costs and Benefits
Conclusion
From the Paper "Widespread industrialization throughout the world has generated the need for power to such an extent that it has become absolutely necessary to search alternative fuel sources, as the natural reservoirs of the planet are diminishing at an alarming rate. Crude oil has not only fuelled the machines made by man but war too as it has been one of the major forces affecting world economy and politics. The present spurt in the crude prices has further spurred research for cheaper alternative fuel sources. Atomic and solar energies have been harnessed to a certain extent, but there are practical difficulties in using them as a general source of power. They cannot be used to run the existing infrastructure of equipment and appliances dependent on engines fuelled by liquids, which in turn are integral parts of the pre established and irreplaceable norms of industry and lifestyle. The possibility of preparing fuel from biodegradable material like animal waste and plant materials is the focus of current research in the chemical industry and ubiquitous materials have been shortlisted as likely candidates for ethanol production. "
