Abstract
This paper discusses the general molecular and cellular aspects of biofilm formation. It describes how bacteria can form mulitcellular communities on solid surfaces that are known as biofilms. This behavior leads to a coordinated control of virulence and biofilm formation. These elements within the biofilm appear to be regulated by density dependant communication called quorum sensing. This paper provides an understanding of how biofilms are built up as well as how they function and develop. It also explains how understanding the way biofilms are built up is pivotal for human health because many diseases that are acquired in hospital environments are based on biofilm forming bacteria that often cannot be counteracted with conventional antimicrobials.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Introduction: A brief overview over biofilm history, structure and formation and the conflicting relationship between humans and biofilms
Discussion: Reasons for the pathogenic potential, resistances and different health issues caused by biofilms and ways to inhibit them
Virulence factors of the bacterium Pseudomonas aeroginosa are controlled by quorum sensing
Staphylococcal infections can be prevented by the use of quorum sensing inhibitors
The lifestyle of Vibrio cholerae depends greatly on quorum sensing
Conclusion: A critical look back on solutions and possible insights which might be achieved in the future
Bibliography

From the Paper
"As indicated above, biofilms are not just bacteria attached to a surface, but stationary colonies with metabolically, morphologically and physiologically distinct features that differ significantly from planktonic bacteria, causing challenges in treating biofilm related diseases. At the same time this opens up therapeutical possibilities to inhibit biofilm formation. First, the role of P. aeroginosa and its biofilms formed by QS in cystic fibrosis pneumonia was discussed. This pathogen can be inhibited by the synthetic QSI C-30 which is an autoinducer antagonist. In the following, I explained the Staphylococcal QS circuit in order to inhibit biofilms by means of inhibiting the virulence factor forming RNAIII with help of the RIP molecule. I finished with QS controlling biofilm formation in V. cholerae which can in contrast to the other examples possibly be counteracted by the use of QS enhancers."

Tags:surface, stationary, physiologically, distinct, colonies

Abstract
The paper reveals that listeria monocytogenes bacteria is widespread in nature, and in high risk humans, listeriosis, the disease caused by ingestion can be severe or fatal. The paper explains that the challenge to proper santitization in food processing plants is due to the ability of this bacterium to live successfully under various environmental conditions and to form biofilms, which are resistant to typical cleaning and sanitizing procedures.

From the Paper
"Listeria monocytogenes is a rod-shaped bacterium that is widespread in nature. It is found in both wild and domestic animals including birds and mammals, as well as some fish, crustaceans, and insects (Todar 2). L. monocytogenes is also found in soil and water. Vegetables can be contaminated with these bacteria if grown in soil fertilized with manure. Listeriosis is the term used for the disease symptoms caused by a severe infection of L. monocytogenes. One of the interesting features of this bacterium is that some humans (perhaps up to 10% of the population) can..."

Tags:listeria, monocytogenes, bacteria

Abstract
The paper explores how dental or bacterial plaque cause the conditions of dental caries or tooth decay, calculus or tartar, gingivitis and periodontitis. The paper discusses the specific causes, effects and treatments of these dental diseases.

Outline:
Bacterial/Dental Plaque
Caries/ Tooth Decay
Calculus/ Tartar
Gingivitis
Periodontitis

From the Paper
"Dental or bacterial plaque is a sticky, clear substance, which collects every day around and between teeth (National Library of Medicine 2008). It is made up of microscopic germs always present in the mouth (North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services 2008). Recent research recognizes dental plaque as a biofilm (Gurenlian 2007). A biofilm is a highly organized accumulation of communities of microbes on an environmental surface. As a biofilm, the microbes or bacteria are organized to maximize energy, spatial arrangements, communication and sustained community of the microorganisms. The very nature of a biofilm enables the bacteria in it to resist the host's defense system and antimicrobial agents. Unless removed regularly, the biofilm mature and a disease condition can form. The disease condition can be dental caries or tooth decay, gingivitis or periodontitis. Moreover, subgingival plaque, which co-occurs with periodontitis, can develop many systemic conditions, such as cardiovascular or respiratory disease, and diabetes mellitus, or adversely affect pregnancy (Gurenlian)."

Tags:biofilm, tooth, decay, tartar, gingivitis, periodontitis

Abstract
This paper explains that streptococcus mutans are the main bacteria that cause dental cavities, which can advance to the gums to form periodontal disease. The paper also explains that dental cavities are caused by streptococcus mutans and lactic acid bacteria, which perform malolactic fermentation on tooth. The paper concludes that, though various drugs are available for this illness, it is better to take precaution to stop the colonization of these bacteria through proper care of the mouth and early diagnose of dental disease.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Information on Streptococcus Mutans
Name
Classification of Streptococcus Mutans
Structure of Streptococcus Mutans
How to identify Streptococcus Mutans
Details of the Disease
Historical Significance
Historical significance of Dental Cavities
Historical Significance of Periodontal Disease
Causes
Causes of Dental Cavities
Causes of Periodontal Disease
Symptoms
Symptoms of Dental Cavities
Symptoms of Periodontal Disease
Treatment
Treatment of Dental Cavities
Treatment of Periodontal Disease
Streptococcus Mutans and its Connection to Dental Cavities and Periodontal Disease
Where Research in the Field may be Going
Emergence of Resistant Strains to the Disease of Dental Cavities and Periodontal Disease
Development of new Drugs for treating Dental Cavities and Periodontal Disease
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The shape of a bacterium is used to determine its name. Since Streptococcus mutans is of a spherical shape, the bacteria were named as coccus. The major genera of Streptococci were named as Streptococcus and Staphylococcus. Another name associated with Streptococci is diplococcoi though a change by a gram negative in its feature would put them in a completely different genus like Neisseria or Branhamella. Streptococci are also found in other forms though the major shapes are in the form of a small comma known as Vibrios and a spiral shape known as Treponema."

Tags:spherical calcium, gingival sulcus, antimicrobial medication, biofilm