Abstract
This paper explains that bioengineering of plants and animals, which is a rapidly developing field, is no longer only in the hands of scientists because corporations are getting in on the act. The author points out that 45 million acres of American soil are under cultivation with genetically modified crops. The paper relates that the public knows little about this, that little testing has been done on the effects of genetically modified foods on people and that labeling is not even requisite.

From the Paper
"Bioengineering of plants and animals is a rapidly developing field, and it is no longer only in the hands of scientists - corporations are getting in on the act. Already, 45 million acres of American soil are under cultivation with genetically modified crops. Yet the extent of this is little known by the public, little testing has been done on the effects of genetically modified foods on people, and labeling is not even requisite. Some people simply see this as the way of the future, the natural extension of science into the most important industry of all - food production."

Tags:analyze, bioengineer, corporations

Abstract
This paper argues that Kuhn's theory of scientific revolutions is valid and that it explains recent developments in the fields of genetics and bioengineering. The paper outlines the basic tenets of the theory and his process of change and also considers the criticisms of his work. The paper shows how science is an ever-changing area where old ideas are continually being replaced by new ones, and Kuhn's theory provides a map that can be used to follow these changes.

Outline:
Basic Tenets of the Theory
The Process of Change
Kuhn and the Field of Genetics and Bioengineering

From the Paper
"Kuhn's process is believed to repeat itself every time a new area of scientific discovery is pursued. Kuhn argues that one cannot see the stages taking place until after the new paradigm is established. However, it one takes a look at a rapidly changing field of modern science, one can see these phases in action. The following will explore Kuhn's process of change as it relates to the field of genetics and bioengineering.
"Bioengineering is the process of changing an organism's DNA so that it has desirable traits. It is also conducted to attempt to eliminate undesirable characteristics. The field of bioengineering is actually an old idea. However, recent developments have changed the way people think about the field. Let us examination this evolution of this scientific revolution.
"Bioengineering has been practiced since ancient times. The first bioengineers accomplished their goals through the selective breeding of livestock and plants. When a genetic mutation occurred, they could decide to propagate the mutation or to allow it to extinguish through failing to propagate it. This process mimics nature, only humans have a hand in making an active decision about whether the new mutation survives or are allowed to become extinct. The goal of selective breeding is to improve the species to make it more suitable to human needs."

Tags:genetics, bioengineering, DNA, paradigms

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the debate over genetically modified foods continues to plague producers and consumers alike. The writer explains that genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are foods that have been modified through bioengineering to possess certain characteristics. The writer points out that the debate continues to rage as to whether these genetically altered foodstuffs are the answer to hunger in the coming years, or whether we are simply children playing with something that we do not have the capacity to understand. One of the biggest debates in the GMO issue is whether producers need to use labeling of foods that contain GMOs, or whether they should be treated as any other natural food source. The writer supports the position that current regulatory practices concerning GMO crops are inadequate and that stricter labeling laws for GMOs needs to be enforced.

Outline:
Safety Concerns and GMOs
Support for Labeling Laws

From the Paper
"It is difficult to make a blanket statement as to whether GMO foods are safe or not. Every food must be assessed on a case-by-case basis. In addition, the risks associated with outcrossing must also be assessed according to the crop and according to specific site conditions. One of the key difficulties in assessing the dangers of GMOs is that it is difficult to trace them in the general human population. It is difficult to determine if GMOs are causing disease in the general population, as many people have no ideas as to whether they re consuming GMOs or not. When one goes to the grocery store, one cannot clearly identify GMOS. The GMO head of cauliflower looks identical to the conventional head of cauliflower. Sales are an indicator of levels of consumption, but there is no way to track GMO consumption in the individual. Therefore, the only evidence that is being used to assess the safety of certain GMO foods are the short-term studies conducted in connection with a potential GMO food's introduction into the market."

Tags:foods, plants, genetic, engineering, testing, safety, issues

Abstract
This paper discusses computer aided technologies in product design and manufacturing and focuses on their application in the biomedical field. The paper deals with the rapid prototyping technique's effects on the production of drugs, organ transplants, the creation of artificial body tissues and radiography techniques. The paper highlights how these computer aided technologies simplify complex manufacturing processes.

From the Paper
"According to Avallone, Baumeister, Sadegh and Simeon Marks (1) rapid prototyping is a kind of modern technology that involves making of virtual objects over the computers and then using the ideas to make a real object. Since the technology began around the 1980s it has been used to produce a number of products in various fields of manufacturing either in large scale or in small scale (Kusiak, p1-4). This includes the production in foods, mechanical equipments, learning materials, agricultural materials, art objects and medical products among others."

Tags:computers, design, manufacture, tissue, engineering, biotechnology, bioengineering

Abstract
This paper explores the main debate that arises when altering human genetics. It discusses the ethical implications, potential deadly side effects and the possibility of genetic discrimination. The paper also looks at the views of Jeremy Rifkin and Stephen Jay Gould. The author maintains that the solution is to establish an international ban on human genetic engineering. The author is also of the opinion that biological engineering does not have nor ever will have a place in society.

From the Paper
"The excitement streamed throughout their bodies as the newlywed couple walked into the doctor's office. Today marks six weeks of pregnancy for the couple, and they have a doctor's appointment to go over their choices regarding the baby's sex, color, height, and personality of the future newborn. One might ask is this health care professional the form of a supernatural being. Indeed, one would consider this situation as the sick plot of a typical science fiction piece, but suppose this story had the potential to become reality. Unfortunately, the doctor is nothing more than a human being misusing science without ethical regard. This hypothetical example poses a scary prospect, which can be made possible through the practice of biological engineering."

Tags:ethics, morals, bioengineering, nature, science, doctors

From the Paper
"The birth of the world's most famous sheep, the genetically cloned Dolly, sparked turbulent ethical, scientific, and religious debate, taking Genetic Engineering from the laboratories and thrusting it onto the front pages of the world. The living proof of what was once considered no more than science fiction prompted an entirely new range of dangers and possibilities. Jeremy Rifkin's The Biotech Century warns of the dangers of genetic engineering and takes a rather alarmist stance in revealing the outcomes of current and future genetic research."

Tags:bioengineering, biology, biotechnology, engineering, genetic, genetics, technology

Abstract
This paper examines the article "Playing God in the Garden" by Michael Pollan. The writer discusses the examination of the wisdom of growing and eating bio-engineered foods. The writer identifies in particular, Monsanto potatoes with genetically inserted Bt, that is a natural and usually safe pesticide used in organic farming. The paper focuses on three logical fallacies in the article and argues that Pollan does not support his conclusion.

From the Paper
"In his essay "Playing God in the Garden," Michael Pollan's main argument is not very clearly stated, but it can be inferred that it is that because we don't know whether or not Monsanto's bio-engineered New Leaf potatoes with genetically inserted Bt are safe or not, it is preferable not to eat them given the choice. This conclusion is supported with a series of related concepts that are also equally understated. These arguments contain several fallacies, which will be examined below. The first fallacy that Pollan commits is the emotional appeal to the fear of the unknown."

Tags:bioengineering, pollan, fallacies