Abstract The paper begins by purifying beef heart and ends with a highly-quantitative analysis of the results of attempting to isolate the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase. It contains every aspect of a detailed biochemistry lab report. The paper contains complex quantitative analysis with supporting statistics. It also has scanned photographs of the gel electrophoresis.
From the Paper "Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is a crucial enzyme that regulates lactate levels throughout the mammalian body. Proper LDH function is essential for a number of important biochemical pathways, including the Cori Cycle and glycolysis among others. Without it, the glycolytic cycle would come to a halt due to diminished nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) reserves, and the buildup of lactate would ultimately result in lactic acidosis-a potentially fatal affliction."
Abstract The paper introduces the research by explaining that with a greater understanding of biochemistry comes greater knowledge about the interactions between living cells and abiotic elements, especially metals. The paper examines the current movement in the field of medicine to link the fields of biochemistry and inorganic chemistry in order to achieve a greater understanding of abiotic stress. This increases our level of knowledge about the effects of chemical exposures. The paper details the goals of medicine to find out if there is a real connection between heavy metal exposure/toxicity and disease beyond that which has been traditionally believed. The paper quotes research that links cancer and even children's risk factor scores to high levels of toxic metals.
From the Paper "In recent years there has also been a stress in alternative medicine to assess and treat heavy metal toxicity in patients with generalized symptoms and the allopathic medicine has made strides to find out if there is a real connection between heavy metal exposure/toxicity and disease beyond that which has been traditionally believed. Another goal in medicine is to create a better understanding of the importance of diagnostic tools currently used to assess heavy metal levels, one of which in the midst of great controversy being hair analysis, which according to modern medicine is an ineffective way to screen for heavy metal toxicity in the manner it is being performed in the alternative medical arena. (Frisch, and Schwartz) The most important stress has then been to create better ways to ensure reliability of diagnostic procedures among patients with known exposure to heavy metals so chelation therapies can be created that actually reduce the blood load for heavy metals."
Abstract Sickle cell anemia is a devastatingly painful and fatal disease that strikes those of African-American heritage at a disproportionate rate. After a brief discussion on the generalities of the disease, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis, this paper examines the biochemical and genetic influences of the disease and offers suggestions for further research efforts. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level; however, advances in genetics are even more remarkable. This paper highlights one of the most recent and promising genetic fixes for those afflicted and at risk for sickle cell anemia.
From the Paper "According to the National Human Genome Research Institute ("Learning About," 2005) sickle cell disease "is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States." The disease strikes 1:12 African Americans who are parented by two disease carriers who pass on a mutated hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11 ("Learning About," 2005). Until recently, sickle cell disease was thought to be a death sentence with most victims not living beyond 20 years of age and the rest generally not living past the age of 50 (Taher & Kazzi, 2005). With new treatments, such as hydroxyurea, victims of the sickle cell genetic mutation are not living past 50 ("Learning About," 2005). After a brief disease profile that includes a discussion of disease pathology, biochemical and genetic influences, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level;"
Abstract This paper looks at five different medical topics: prostate cancer, diabetes mellitus, asthma, muscle contraction physiology and biochemistry, and blood clotting physiology and biochemistry. The paper discusses the characteristics and functions associated with each of these topics.
From the Paper "Muscle contraction is accomplished by the contact between nerves and muscles at neuromuscular junctions, which act much like the synapses between neurons. The nerve impulse arrives at the end bulb of the neuron and chemical transmitters are released which diffuse across the neuromuscular cleft. The transmitter molecules react with receptor sites on the muscle membrane and increases the membrane permeability to sodium ions. Sodium then diffuses into the muscle cell and the membrane potential becomes less negative."
Abstract An examination of the Van der Waal equation of state in a Virial expansion and a look at how Polymers are being used today in every walk of life. This paper shows how polymers are well-defined aggregates of very simple organic molecules. It defines these matters and looks at their uses in biochemistry.
From the Paper "From thermodynamics and the kinetic theory of gases, the Pressure of an ideal gas is described as sum of the transfer of collision energy of gas molecules on the walls of the container. The inter-atomic interactions depend upon the density of the system. Inter-particle interactions, primarily attractive forces, reduce the overall pressure of the system. This interaction is called internal pressure. By rewriting the Van der Waal equation of state in a Virial expansion, we obtain an equation for Pressure p: (Atkins, 1987)
p = RT/(Vm ? b) - a/Vm2
a/Vm2 is the internal pressure of the gas; a and b are constants for each gas and Vm is the molar volume of the gas, R is the Gas Constant."
Tags: DNA, biomolecular, helium, protein, energy, hydrogen, gas
Abstract The paper describes how the HIV vaccine attacks the immune system with the T-Cells. Also, it discusses different types of vaccines and how they work along with leading causes of AIDS and how it has become an epidemic. It examines different forms of research and other attempts at creating a vaccine in the past.
From the Paper "Since the HIV epidemic began in the 1970?s, it is estimated that 22 million persons are infected with the virus that causes AIDS. There are 3 million new infections each year with 65 percent of these cases in developing countries. There is no cure for AIDS and the outlook for finding a cure is very bleak, therefore a preventive vaccine is urgently needed to control the spread of HIV/AIDS. It is important to remember that being HIV positive does not equate to having AIDS, however it is only a matter of time that the virus will progress to the disease."
Introduction
The popular usage of anabolic steroids makes necessary the study of their effects physically and psychologically. Study results indicate more than minor psychological changes in personality are found with AAS use. These effects can border on dangerousness, with demonstrations of aggressive and violent behavior, and need to be further investigated.
Article Summary
Cooper, Noakes, Dunne, Lambert, and Rochford (1996) studied the prevalence of abnormal personality traits found in chronic users of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS). One of the authors became a participant-observer in a group of body builders. The experimental group were twelve body builders using high doses AAS ..."
From the Paper "Bulimia and Family Systems Therapy
Every year in the United States millions of people suffer from eating disorders. More than 90 percent of those afflicted are adolescent and young adult women (Hoffman, 1994, p. 1).
Approximately 1 percent of adolescent girls develop anorexia nervosa, a condition in which they can literally starve themselves to death, and "eventually half of those with anorexia will develop bulimia" (Hoffman, 1994, p. 4). Bulimia nervosa afflicts 2 percent to 3 percent of young women and involves excessive eating followed by purging the body "of the excess calories by vomiting, abusing laxatives or diuretics, taking enemas, or exercising obsessively. Some use a combination of all these forms of purging" (Hoffman, 1994, p. 3). The third group are binge eaters who engage in episodes of uncontrolled eating without..."
Tay.Sachs disease is one of the few neurodegenerative diseases of known cause (1:419). It results from a lysosomal storage disorder involving a defect in the hexosaminidase enzyme system causing the accumulation of sphingolipids (4:143.147).
The disease was first described by Warren Tay and Bernard Sachs about 100 years ago (3:189). It belongs to a group of diseases..the GM2 gangliosidoses..which, although they result from separate genetic mutations, each of which shares characteristics in common with the others (3:189). One of these characteristics is that all of the diseases are inherited by the autosomal recessive mode of transmission (4:143); another is that each results from a biochemical deficiency in the hydrolysis of GM2 ganglioside cells of the central and peripheral nervous..."
Abstract This essay talks about the biochemical nature of the enzyme lactase. It talks about it production, the reaction it catalyzes and the physiological effects of this enzyme, in particular the physiological effects of a deficiency of lactase.
From the Paper "Lactose is a disaccharide that is the principal carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. To digest lactose the enzyme lactase is required to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction to produce the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This enzyme is usually present at birth but often decreases in activity as the child matures. The condition where an individual has a deficiency of lactase is known as lactose intolerance and produces symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
Abstract This essay talks about the biochemical nature of the enzyme lactase. The paper includes a discussion of it's production, the reaction it catalyzes and the physiological effects of this enzyme. In particular the essay includes an explanation of the physiological effects experienced with a deficiency of lactase.
From the Paper "Lactose is a disaccharide that is the principal carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. To digest lactose the enzyme lactase is required to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction to produce the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This enzyme is usually present at birth but often decreases in activity as the child matures. The condition where an individual has a deficiency of lactase is known as lactose intolerance and produces symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea"
Abstract Recent developments in science completely disprove the theory of evolution. The only reason Darwinism is still foisted on people by means of a worldwide propaganda campaign lies in the ideological aspects of the theory. This essay clarifies the scientific collapse of the theory of evolution for the layman. It reveals the frauds and distortions committed by evolutionists to "prove" evolution.
From the Paper "The claim of the common ancestry of apes and men, put forward by Charles Darwin in his book "The Descent of Man" in 1871, has since paved the path to today's scientific world. When Darwin proposed his supposed scientific theory in 1859, England, nor any other parts of the world, boasted the discipline of biophysics, genetics or biochemistry to justify his claims. Yet, even today, with the advancement in the scientific fields of genetics, biophysics, and biochemistry, Darwin's unscientific, illogical, and baseless claims still endure to influence to day's science. The justification of the Evolution Theory has been falsely spread through the propaganda of the media, and can be justly compared with the absurdity of the evolution of the fairy-taled frog-prince! There is no scientific evidence that back up the origin of man from apes, and likewise, no scientific evidence that frogs turn to handsome princes! The absurdity of it all is obvious and clear, and yet, is followed by the staunchest followers in the world!"
Abstract This paper describes lead poisoning, focusing on the chemical processes that take place as lead (II) displaces zinc (II) from ALAD and inhibits hemoglobin synthesis. The technical details of the inorganic and biochemical processes at play are explored and discussed, as well as the mechanisms of various lead poisoning therapeutic strategies. This paper also contains several referenced illustrations and figures.
From the Paper "The protein ALAD, also know as porphobilinogen, is crucial in heme biosynthesis (2). ALAD, a ZnII metalloenzyme, consists of A and B subunits each of which contain a zinc atom when functional. The functionality of the A and B sites has been determined experimentally by displacement of zinc. When magnesium displaces zinc at the A site ALAD is marginally active. Furthermore, when magnesium replaces the zinc in the B site no change in the activity of the enzyme is observed (3). Thus the A site is key to the activity of the enzyme. However, when PbII displaces the active ZnII ion present in the A- site, the enzyme is rendered useless."
Abstract This paper describes the history, causes, and treatment of major depressive disorder, as well as current research. It also looks at who is most often affected by the disorder, different forms of the disorder, how it is diagnosed, the biological and genetic processes behind the disorder, and areas requiring future research.
What Is Major Depressive Disorder
Dysthymia
A History of Depression
Diagnosis
Causes of Depression
The Biology Behind
The Genetics Behind It
Treatment
What Lies Ahead
From the Paper "One of the fastest growing diseases in the world is, ironically, not an infectious one. Major Depressive Disorder is the leading psychological disorder in the Western world, and still growing?from 1980 to 1990 alone, the number of people diagnosed with major depression tripled, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. People born after 1945 are 10 times more likely to be depressed than those born before 1945. Major depression affects all ethnicities, ages, and socioeconomic classes, and in America, in any given one-year period, almost 10 percent of the adult population, an estimated 18.8 million people, suffer from depression. Roughly 40 million Americans will eventually experience at least one major depressive episode in their lifetime, and half of them will suffer from recurrence."
