Abstract The biochemical effects of LSD are an important area of research in contemporary neurological studies. Since it so severely affects the psychological state of human subjects, LSD research is thought to be a tool with which we will be able to further understand the complex interactions of brain chemicals, particularly serotonin and dopamine, and their respective receptors.
Abstract This essay talks about the biochemical nature of the enzyme lactase. It talks about it production, the reaction it catalyzes and the physiological effects of this enzyme, in particular the physiological effects of a deficiency of lactase.
From the Paper "Lactose is a disaccharide that is the principal carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. To digest lactose the enzyme lactase is required to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction to produce the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This enzyme is usually present at birth but often decreases in activity as the child matures. The condition where an individual has a deficiency of lactase is known as lactose intolerance and produces symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea.
Abstract This essay talks about the biochemical nature of the enzyme lactase. The paper includes a discussion of it's production, the reaction it catalyzes and the physiological effects of this enzyme. In particular the essay includes an explanation of the physiological effects experienced with a deficiency of lactase.
From the Paper "Lactose is a disaccharide that is the principal carbohydrate found in milk and other dairy products. To digest lactose the enzyme lactase is required to catalyse the hydrolysis reaction to produce the monosaccharides glucose and galactose. This enzyme is usually present at birth but often decreases in activity as the child matures. The condition where an individual has a deficiency of lactase is known as lactose intolerance and produces symptoms such as nausea, cramps, bloating, gas, and diarrhea"
Abstract This paper reviews the history of lead poisoning and its various implications in adults and children. It describes the incidence of the problem today and follows with a discussion of the epidemiology of lead poisoning and the pathophysiological and biochemical basis of lead poisoning in children and adults. The paper then provides recommendations for preventing lead poisoning in the United States and abroad.
Outline:
Introduction
Review and Discussion
History of Lead Poisoning
Incidence of the Problem
Epidemiology of Lead Poisoning
Pathophysiological and Biochemical Basis of Lead Poisoning in Children and Adults
Recommendations to Eliminate Lead Poisoning as a Public Health Hazard
Summary and Conclusions
From the Paper "Lead has been used by mankind for centuries, but the dangers associated with its use have only been identified fairly recently. The research showed that in spite of some progress in recent years, lead poisoning represents one of the leading preventable public health threats for young people in the United States and abroad today. The research showed that there are no safe levels of lead exposure for children, and lead levels as low as 10 [micro]g/dL have been shown to affect child development. A host of other health issues are implicated in lead poisoning as well, but most people tend to recover completely if appropriate treatments are provided in a timely manner. Finally, the research was consistent in emphasizing the inherent problems in addressing the problem of lead poisoning among low-income families where the exigencies of daily life preclude concern over this potential threat. Clearly, lead poisoning represents a challenging and ongoing threat to the nation's welfare, and public health officials continue to pursue increasingly aggressive campaigns to address the issue, but the studies to date suggest that these initiatives will remain ineffective unless and until the economic disparities that exist between the world's affluent and poor are addressed first."
Abstract Cites need for study re: biochemical mechanisms involved in CFS. Contends research is lacking in identifying the mechanisms that cause CFS. Extensive literature review covers severe & disabling fatigue & impact on daily functioning. Discusses symptoms of condition including sleep disturbances, pain, short-term memory loss, depression. Possible causes & characterizations of CFS. Conceptual framework. Research questions. Hypotheses. Research procedures & data analysis testing.
From the Paper "Introduction
Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a clinically defined condition which is characterized by severe and disabling fatigue. This fatigue is accompanied by a combination of symptoms that typically include self-reported impairments in concentration and short-term memory, sleep disturbances, and musculoskeletal pain (Evengard, Schacterle & Komaroff, 1999; Wilson, Hickie, Lloyd & Wakefield, 1996).
CFS prevalence rates in the United States are estimated at a minimum of 4 to 10 cases per 100,000 adults 18 years of age or older (Fukuda & Gantz, 1995). In one U.S. study (Evengard et al., 1999), the prevalence among medical patients was found to be about 1%. A several-fold higher prevalence rate of self-reported..."
Abstract In this article the writer discusses prostate cancer. The writer also examines some of the biochemical research that is being carried out to try and determine the causes of this type of cancer. The paper looks at the oxidative stress on cells and the effects of androgen. The writer discusses NSAID-associated gene protein and some of the multi-drug resistance associated proteins.
From the Paper "Prostate cancer is a disease of aging brought about by changes in cellular biochemistry which result in an imbalance in the pro oxidant-antioxidant balance and in the cellular response to androgen which this brings about. Many advanced cases of prostate cancer become resistant to chemotherapy making the prognosis for those men dismal. It has been shown ... "
Abstract This paper explains a mysterious disease that modern research has permitted understanding better in terms of causation/abnormalities. The paper discusses developmental differences, genetic findings and biochemical differences of schizophrenia. It then focuses on the medical treatment of schizophrenia.
From the Paper "Three Theories of Schizophrenia in the Early 21st Century Introduction Schizophrenia continues to generate tremendous research towards several breakthroughs in our knowledge of developmental and genetic differences, in addition to biochemical research rendering abnormalities identifiable. Unfortunately, few patients are examined according to this knowledge until perhaps severe symptoms, positive and negative, have been presented, in visual and other hallucinations, non-motivation, social withdrawal, acute agitation, disordered thinking, paranoid delusions and emotional decay. A most controversial diagnosis of the present is evaluated in terms of changes to the normal personality, in patients who usually do not present symptoms till adolescence, or beyond."
A critical evaluation of the research article "Biochemical Hypoglycemia in Female Nurses During Clinical Shift Work" by Inoue, Kayoko, Kakehashi, Yuko, Oomori, Suiki and Koizuma, Akio.
Abstract The paper analyzes the article "Biochemical Hypoglycemia in Female Nurses During Clinical Shift Work" to determine the efficacy and use of proper and best-fit research protocol. The paper evaluates the authors' use of a proper and identifiable research question, the presentation of a testable null hypothesis and the identification of the necessary independent and dependent variables. The paper also examines the statistical data analysis procedures and the usefulness of the research results. The paper demonstrates how the results of this article, although of topic importance, fail miserably in adhering to the protocol set forth for best-fit epidemiological research.
Outline:
Introduction
Research Design, Research Question and Testable Hypothesis
Literature Review
Sample
Measurement Instruments
Data Analysis and Results
Results, Limitations and Conclusions
From the Paper "Research, albeit philosophical, historical, descriptive, or experimental, is not simply a collection of random thoughts or numeric data reduced to paper (Van Dalen, 1966). Research of any type is a scientific endeavor that is defined, organized, and subjected to critical scrutiny and, above all, requires a scientific approach (Senter, 1969). Far more exacting is that research investigations must follow best fit research guidelines if the content is to be applicable to the phenomenon being investigated. Such an exacting process applies not only to quantitative research but qualitative research as well (Ohlson, 1998). The scientific approach to research is a special systematic form of controlled reflective thinking and inquiry. Of all types of research defined, that of the experimental investigation is the most well defined, constructed, and controlled as it is that upon which the prediction of future occurrences are dependent."
Abstract Sickle cell anemia is a devastatingly painful and fatal disease that strikes those of African-American heritage at a disproportionate rate. After a brief discussion on the generalities of the disease, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis, this paper examines the biochemical and genetic influences of the disease and offers suggestions for further research efforts. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level; however, advances in genetics are even more remarkable. This paper highlights one of the most recent and promising genetic fixes for those afflicted and at risk for sickle cell anemia.
From the Paper "According to the National Human Genome Research Institute ("Learning About," 2005) sickle cell disease "is the most common inherited blood disorder in the United States." The disease strikes 1:12 African Americans who are parented by two disease carriers who pass on a mutated hemoglobin-Beta gene found on chromosome 11 ("Learning About," 2005). Until recently, sickle cell disease was thought to be a death sentence with most victims not living beyond 20 years of age and the rest generally not living past the age of 50 (Taher & Kazzi, 2005). With new treatments, such as hydroxyurea, victims of the sickle cell genetic mutation are not living past 50 ("Learning About," 2005). After a brief disease profile that includes a discussion of disease pathology, biochemical and genetic influences, diagnostics, treatment and prognosis. Advances in biochemical knowledge and technology are taking research on sickle cell anemia to the next level;"
Abstract The writer notes that the objective of the laboratory describe in the paper is to observe mobile cells and their characteristics. Three distinct samples are viewed: plant cells from an Elodea leaf, a eukaryotic animal cell called Tetrahymena pyriformis, and myofibrils from a rabbit muscle. The writer points out that when movement is detected in the plant and animal cells, it can lead to calculations of speed. Both intracellular and inter-cellular movement is exemplified in the samples. The writer notes that cells are not only observed under natural conditions, but also after biochemical alterations. The effects of these biochemical changes are also noted. The addition of methyl cellulose enables more accurate observation of the animal cells, since it reduces their speed. The writer concludes that when the ATP was added, the decrease in size proved that the myofibrils are responsible for the muscular function and that the muscle is dependant on the myofibrils successfully working together. However, each cluster of myofibrils appeared to be structurally independent, meaning it was not connected to any other cluster.
Outline:
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Discussion
References
From the Paper "The Tetrahymena cells were all similar in size, and were either circular or elliptical in shape. Their nuclei and cytoplasms were clearly seen, but any other organelles were difficult to distinguish. Whether they moved horizontally, vertically or diagonally, linear motion was consistent in all the cells. It also seemed like they each one followed a unique path across the field of view. After adding methyl cellulose to these cells, their movement became significantly slower, and deceleration continued until the cells stopped moving altogether. However, their movement also became random, sporadic and generally unpredictable, since they did not seem to be following any particular path. As well, some cells began moving in a circular motion, as if around an axis, and many cells began to gather in large groups once they stopped moving."
A brief summary of genetics, which is the scientific study of how physical, biochemical, and behavioral traits are transmitted from parents to their offspring.
1,080 words (approx. 4.3 pages), 6 sources, 1998, $ 37.95
From the Paper "Genetics is a scientific study of how physical, biochemical, and behavioral traits are transmitted from parents to their offspring. The word itself was coined in 1906 by the British biologist William Bateson. Geneticists are able to determine the mechanisms of inheritance because the offspring of sexually reproducing organisms do not exactly resemble their parents, and because some of the differences and similarities between parents and offspring recur from generation to generation in repeated patterns. The investigation of these patterns has led to some of the most exciting discoveries in modern biology."
Abstract This paper states that to understand and prevent substance abuse, one must treat both the medical and the social aspects of the problem. The author believes there is a need for substance abuse programs specifically aimed at teenagers. He designs a treatment program that uses the observation and interview elements of the traditional anthropological ethnography to determine the reasons that teens drink and then individualizes the treatment by using the psychology of persuasion.
From the Paper "The first of these is that their emotional problems seem to be insurmountable on their own and drugs offer the quickest possible route to feeling better. Of course, drugs only mask symptoms and the drugs themselves (especially when combined with certain behaviors like driving) are often extremely dangerous. But to the person in emotional distress, sometimes the short-term lure of drugs is more than enough to get them to use whatever drug is handy."
Abstract The treatment of wastewater is divided into three main categories: Primary treatment, secondary treatment and tertiary treatment, where each stage contains several steps. This paper examines this purification and treatment process and explains each stage step-by-step.
From the Paper "The primary treatment stage involves the removal of physical contamination which includes grit, grease and solid particles. The first stage in this is a screening process, which filters our large particles. The next stage is grit removal, this is a settling stage where grit is allowed to settle out of the water under low flow conditions (Manahan 226). The final stage of the primary treatment is grease removal, which is achieved by allowing the wastewater to settle, with the grease materials floating on top. This top layer is then scraped off."
From the Paper "Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome is an inborn metabolic error caused by an enzyme deficiency which results in neurological, renal, and rheumatological problems. This paper will look at its genetic basis, the biochemical components of the syndrome, its pathophysiology, the role of genetic and biochemical knowledge and technology in the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of the disorder, as well as the current status and projected future directions research into the syndrome will take.
Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is characterized by hyperuricemia, choreoathetosis, dystonia, mental retardation, dysarthria, and compulsive biting of the lips and fingers. (Wong et al, 1996). It affects one in 400,000 to one in 100,000 live births. Although it affects only male children, women may be asymptomatic carriers and pass the mutation on to their offspring.."
From the Paper "Obsessive-compulsive disorders have been thoroughly studied for the past decade so that we now have several explanations for those behaviors which can range from the annoying to the life-destroying. Some explanations for OCDs will be examined, as well as the drugs which prove beneficial in their treatment.
In the late 1980s, television talk shows saw a steady stream of people who talked about a condition that had nearly wrecked their lives--obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). They wanted to tell others about the disorder and present the hope offered by a new experimental drug.
Ten years ago, OCD was thought to be comparatively rare; however, as the response to TV talk shows demonstrated, thousands of people were suffering from the same disorder. Zamula (1992) notes that as many as five million people in the United States.."
