Abstract
In this article, the writer looks at Toronto's burgeoning bio-tech industry. In particular, the writer focuses on where these companies are located, what they are and what they look like and where they rank internationally. Further, the writer concentrates on Affinium Pharmaceuticals due to its work in the field of medicine.

From the Paper
"The paper will also focus particular attention upon Affinium Pharmaceuticals because of its path-breaking work in developing anti-infective medicines and because of its close ties to the University of Toronto. Ultimately, the paper will reveal a great deal about Toronto's bio-tech sector as well as illustrating Toronto's growing profile among the bio-technology centers of North America.

Tags:bio, tech, Toronto, geography

Abstract
The paper discusses complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). also called bio or natural medicine, as a group of differing health care systems, practices and products, which are a holistic answer to conventional medicine. The author points out that biomedicine or conventional medicine is a reductionist model, which focuses on individual parts with little or no attention to the connection among these parts. The paper relates several natural medical approaches for processes such as childbirth and death and for various diseases from pharyngitis to cancer.

From the Paper
"A re-evaluation of the environment requires a re-evaluation of health care. The obsolete "one-ill-one-pill-one-bill" physicians' formula should be abandoned for a more realistic view. The study of disease must include and encompass the environment, the host and the culture. It should necessarily include a search for deeper solutions than merely a technological fix. It should recognize and apply the principles of diversity, accept human limitations, trust in nature's healing power and consider the ecosystem as a whole."

Tags:one-ill-one-pill-one-bill over-medicalization, personal awareness, acupuncture medicare

Abstract
This paper discusses whether traditional healers and their practices can be reconciled with the mainstream bio-medical health care community. The author points out that the bio-medical establishment has always been critical of alternative medicines and treatments. The paper relates that recent studies indicate that the future expansion or decline of traditional healing will ultimately be determined by public acceptance or rejection on a global scale, not by local doctors or traditional healers.

From the Paper
"In examining whether traditional healers and their practices can be reconciled with the biomedical health care community, it is evident that the mainstream biomedical establishment has always been critical of alternative medicines and treatments. But it is also evident from recent studies that the future expansion or decline of traditional healing will ultimately be determined by public acceptance or rejection on a global scale, not by local doctors or traditional healers (Vitebsky 276-279)."

Tags:traditional, healing, issues

Abstract
This paper attempts to demonstrate how breaking bad news using a bio-psychosocial approach can influence the patient's perception of their illness and have a positive influence on their ability to manage their illness. The paper begins with a critical evaluation between the biomedical and bio-psychosocial approaches to medicine followed by a definition of health and the key bio-psychosocial concerns of a patient recently diagnosed with breast cancer. The importance of the patient's prior knowledge and beliefs regards breast cancer and the possible detrimental effects the diagnosis can hold is also discussed.

From the Paper
"The relationship between how the mind, environment and social factors influence the physical health of the body has been proven in more recent times, especially in the treatment of chronic conditions such as heart disease and cancer (White 2005). Engel (1980) compared the two approaches, in the acute management of a patient presenting with a myocardial infarction, the outcome for the patient was potentially far better when the bio-psychosocial approach was implemented compared to the biomedical approach. This study concluded that although the biomedical model is used more in the acute sector, there is evidenced based research demonstrating the value of the bio-psychosocial approach in the acute management of patients as well as in the chronic management. Despite this the biomedical model is still considered of value, although it is seen more today in the management of acute illness."

Tags:nursing, health, promotion, class

Abstract
This paper takes a look at use of St John's Wort in treating depression. This issue questions the value of alternative medicine compared to bio medicine. The fear is that if St John's Wort can be established as being ineffective and unsafe in the treatment of depression, alternative cures may be viewed as illegitimate and thereby reinforces the views of western medical establishments.

From the Paper
"The possible use of St. John's Wort in treating depression is a serious issue since it brings into question the value of alternative medicine compared to bio-medicine. If St. John's Wort can be established as being ineffective and unsafe, then this conclusion provides another reason to view alternative cures as illegitimate while reinforcing the medical establishment in the West. Three studies were conducted at about the same time to answer the research question: Is St. John's Wort an effective and safe treatment for major depression?"

Tags:extracts, depression, outcomes

Abstract
This paper examines how hops (humulus lupulus) is well recognized and extensively grown for its use in preparing beer and lager. It shows that, while hops has been utilized in beer preparation in Europe from the Roman times, hops received recognition in Britain in the 16th century for medical and drinking reasons. Through a literature review, it looks at the history of its use and activities, as well as its medicinal advantages, especially in the field of cancer.

Outline
Introduction
History and Description of Humulus Lupulus
Uses
Growth Habits
Environment Requirements
Chemical Composition
Bio-Chemistry
Activities and Medicinal Advantages of Humulus Lupulus
Pharmacology of Humulus Lupulus
Chemical Constituents of Humulus Lupulus
Physiological Properties of Humulus Lupulus
Conclusion

From the Paper
"German beer makers have been utilizing wild hop (Humulus lupulus) to give flavor to their drink for hundreds of years. Hop was introduced to the United States from England in 1629. The initial viable hop yard in the United States was founded in New York in 1808. Farming of the crop quickly increased south and west. Wisconsin turned out to be the biggest grower of hop for a short period late in the nineteenth century; however, New York continued to be the leader until the crop was almost wiped out in both states by downy mildew in the 1920s (Field and Nickerson, 1996)."

Tags:beer, cancer, resin

Abstract
This paper debates which is better, nature or nurture, in light of the recent advances in bio-medicinal aspects of the human genome which means the possibility of treating illnesses such as cancer, congenital hearing loss and tumors through modification of abnormal cell function either through transfer of functioning genes or gene therapy. It discusses how recent research does prove that the genetic or impact of "nature" on human physiology and behavior is very strong but also puts forward the 'nurture' point of view that the "nurture" theory that suggests that genetics can only determine characteristics and intelligence but not social environment, which does play an important role in developing learned behavior.

From the Paper
"Advocates of the "nurture" theory emphasize on the important role played by acquired and learned behavior from the environment. In support of this theory are several experiments such as Marler's work on the development of bird song, which showed that within the same species of white crowned sparrows, there are regional variations in bird song (Halliday & Slater, 1983). Though most of the experiments, including the work done by Garcia & Koelling (1966) on "taste aversion learning" and the Wells experiments on sepia attack behavior, do establish that behavior can be learned, they also failed to conclusively establish that any rein forcer is equally effective in increasing the frequency of response (University of Plymouth Online)."

Tags:genetic, eggs, physiological, disorders, abnormal, cell, function, Xq28, environment

Abstract
This 5-page essay describes some of the "new" technologies and their global benefits. It also attempts to look at ways in which it can become possible for these technologies to benefit each and everyone of us living on this planet, and not just a privileged few. The IT revolution has changed the way we store and transmit data; the Internet has revolutionized the way we can access information; breakthroughs in bio-technology promise new hope for medical cures and nano-technology will change the way medicine is practiced.

From the paper:

"Technology has played a crucial role in human development and progress throughout history. Ever since our first human ancestors fashioned the rudimentary stone tools used for hunting about 2.5 million years ago, man has striven to use technology for his benefit. Over the centuries, tremendous innovations were made in agriculture, medicine, energy, manufacturing, and communications but none of these innovations had quite prepared us for the astonishing pace of development in technology that has been witnessed in the last few decades. Rapid strides made recently in "new technologies" such as information and communications technology, biotechnology and nanotechnology have opened up possibilities for development and increase in quality of life never imagined before."

Tags:human, progress, innovations, development, medicine, energy, science, communication, globalization, telecommunication, revolution, information, politics, government, policy, DNA, cells, challenge

Abstract
Hemp was an important crop for American farmers until 1937 when Congress passed a prohibitive tax on hemp production, the Marijuana Tax Act, and the hemp industry in the U.S. was destroyed. This paper shows how hemp has the potential for being an important resource in farming, medicine, and fuel production. The paper focuses mainly, however, on the environmental benefits of using bio-diesel produced from hemp seeds.

From the Paper
"Although, there are still restrictions on industrial hemp cultivation, pressure from industry in recent years has led to a relaxation of the laws, resulting in a wide variety of new products, ranging from clothing to cosmetics and ice-cream (29). Because hemp is easy to grow, even in the poorest of soils, and can be harvested in four months, its environmental sustainability is a major selling point (30). Moreover, as a plant, like all plants, it absorbs the main greenhouse gas, carbon dioxide, from the atmosphere as it grows and due to the fact that it requires very little energy to process, it saves money, conserves fossil fuels and reduces carbon dioxide emissions (31)."

Tags:petroleum, diesel, EPA, Clean, Air, Act

Abstract
The paper explains that lack of awareness of threats to the environment and man's greed for wealth and short-term gains have caused the four billion year old bio-geophysical system to be destroyed. The author points out that experts are of the view that the economic value of the rainforest will increase by leaving the rainforests as they are and reaping its nuts, fruits, oil producing plants and medicinal plants rather than simply cutting them down to generate grazing land for cattle or for timber. The paper relates that, if the exploitation at the present rate goes on unhindered, the coastal regions will be annihilated and the ecosystems and the communities of plants and animals they house will be extensive depleted.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Pollution of our Waterways
Loss of Rainforests
Decimation of Forests
Wetlands disappearing
Ignoring Global Warming
Acid Rain
Fish Die
Animal Species are Threatened
Mercury Levels in Water
Unhealthy to Drink or Swim in Large Portions of our Coastline
Call to Action on Matters of the Environment
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Presently, the effluents find their ways to the Great Lakes in several ways. However, the main three vents of effluents are seen at the point source, non-point source and atmospheric pollution. The point source pollution occurs when the effluents come to the waterway by means of a particular entry point like a drainpipe draining directly into a river; it is known as point source pollution. The Industrial water wastes and sewage treatment mechanisms are considered to be the significant offenders of such type of contamination. Contrary to the point source pollution, non-point source or NPS pollution stems from many different dispersed sources and is quite difficult to standardize and manage; hence many experts consider that NPS pollution is the most hazardous confronting the Great Lakes today."

Tags:rainforests, pollution, water, wetlands, action