Abstract
This paper discusses genetic modification (GM) farming and analyzes the problems associated with the use of genetically modified food crops by a study of some recent scientific articles, which espouse this viewpoint. The paper contends that the rapid advancements in genomic science have created new possibilities in the fields of agriculture and in the treatment and management of diseases. The biotech revolution characterized by genetically engineered food products is regarded as a boon to the human society, a life-saving solution to manage the food crisis of our globe.

From the Paper
"Altering specific sequences of DNA allows plants to develop resistance to pesticides, resulting in increased yield. Using genetic engineering methods such as electroporation, gene gun, gene silencing and vector mediated transfer, scientists are now able to insert a new gene or control the expression of an already present gene in a plant. [UCS] In a special report from the 'New scientist' the author discusses some of the possibilities of applying genomic science into farming practices. Using these biotech processes scientists have created disease and herbicide resistant crops promising huge increase in productivity. The result of this biotech revolution was amazing. Vitamin boosted rice, Onions without tears, potatoes enriched with proteins, Soya built resistant to pesticides, and even caffeine free coffee became a reality and bio-engineered products offered endless possibilities."

Tags:biotechnology, genomics, electroporation

Abstract
This paper argues for the rights of consumers to know which food products they purchase have been genetically engineered. The writer first explains this concept and examines the potential health hazards that people are afraid of when buying such foods. It also looks at opinion of the food producer who is against such labeling due to unbiased fears amongst the consumer population. The paper also addresses the benefits of bio-engineering in certain fields which helps the production process of many food-groups.

From the Paper
"In the twenty-first century, with all the pressing issues at hand, there is bound to be controversy and disagreement. There are many important issues, which face the world today, issues like abortion, the death penalty, gun control, censorship, women in combat and even genetically engineered food. With all the modern scientific advances we are making now, especially in the United States there are positive effects as well as negative effects. Genetically engineered foods are very controversial because there are just as many experts who say they are safe as there are experts who say they are unsafe. In the United States about two thirds of all produce on supermarket shelves is genetically engineered; now the problem we, as a nation, face is awareness. Our most relevant issue is whether it should be required to label these unnatural, possibly unsafe foods. And, the answer is yes; the public has a right to know what they are eating and choose whether they want to eat genetically engineered foods, mainly produce."

Tags:bio-engineering, consumer, production, health, nature, agriculture

Abstract
This paper examines the advantages and disadvantages of genetically engineered crops and food. The author argues that they have a potentially negative impact on the ecosystem and human health.

From the Paper
"While the twentieth century may be known as the century of chemistry and physics, the twenty-first century may well be known as the century of biotechnology. Current technologies enable scientists to create genetically engineered organisms by using the basic building blocks of living matter genes. This ability offers the world a number of advances from curing diseases to human cloning. One of the biggest advances according to some is already here --- genetically engineered crops and foods Genetically engineered crops are new kinds of ..."

Tags:cancer, insecticide, herbicide, toxins, resistance, agriculture, genetics, genes, scientists, Africa, Monsanto, hunger

Abstract
This paper explains the demand for substitute skin is because (1) the loss of significant amounts of this layer can result in functional morbidity or death and (2) the many burn injuries and dermatological disorders such as chronic skin ulcers and nevi excision, which require substitute skin. The author points out that, to design a skin substitute, it is necessary to replace both the dermal and epidermal layers because the dermal layer cannot spontaneously regenerate in humans and the epidermal layer is needed as protection for underlying dermis. The paper relates that the three main types of temporary skin substitutes, which are used for coverage of wounds that do not completely eliminate the dermis or for areas where skin is being removed as a donor site, are allograft, synthetic, and bio-synthetic; whereas, the two main types of permanent skin replacements are bio-synthetic and biologic, but many of the newer types of artificial skin being developed are a combination of both categories.

From the Paper
"The basic design criteria specified by Yannas and Burke have become standards used to fabricate new skin alternatives. These criteria utilize two separate stages of design. The initial stage involves keeping bacteria out of the body and retaining water within the body [9]. Once these goals have been met, a second long-term stage involves improvement of cosmetic appearance and tissue scarring, minimizing contracture of the skin, and anchoring to the underlying tissue [9]. In addition, it is assumed that the skin is non-toxic. Researchers have added several more goals to the design criteria since the original publication by Yannas and Burke. These goals are to make the artificial skin easy to store and use and to produce it inexpensively [7] as well as reducing heat loss and pain in the area and providing a hypoxic area wherein wound healing would occur faster."

Tags:bacteria, retention, cosmetic, black, cultured

Abstract
This paper presents a detailed examination of a specific case study in engineering ethics in Ontario, Canada. The writer discusses that in the case, one company (both of which will remain anonymous) alleged that another was distributing advertising brochures that made claims of engineering abilities and capabilities known to be false in violation of the Code of Ethics. The process for determining the nature of the ethical violation is the focus of this paper.

From the Paper
"Engineering, in all its many incarnations, is one of the most creative and potentially constructive applications of human ingenuity possible. Engineers build bridges. They design homes, airplanes, and spacecraft. Engineers probe the inner workings of the biological world and design more innovative computational systems. In short, engineers are the individuals upon whom much of society depends; they take ideas and turn them into practical applications, creating and constructing all of the physical elements of society that we too often take for granted. In Canada the importance of engineers is understood and rigorously enforced. In neighboring United States, engineers are favored but are not controlled or taught how to control themselves. Engineering ethics - dealing with issues like safety, liability, and integrity - is considered optional. This is not the case in Canada."

Tags:engineering, ethics, case

Abstract
This paper presents an overview of genetic engineering. The paper begins by describing how recombinant DNA is produced in bacteria. Next the paper looks at how genetic engineering is used in agriculture and how it can be used in medicine. The paper concludes by describing the DNA fingerprinting by gel electrophoresis.

Tags:DNA fingerprinting, plasmids, recombinant DNA, genetic engineering

Abstract
Plants have developed their own unique methods to protect themselves from threats and without these defenses would perish. These defenses range from natural defenses that plants have developed over time such as thorns or waxy leaves to bio-engineered defenses where the plants have molecularly altered defenses. This paper highlights the key plant defense mechanisms including structural, metabolic, defenses against insects, defenses against pathogens and disease resistant genes. It also examines biotechnology including case studies and discusses its future.

From the Paper
"When an insect attacks a plant, the attack signals the plant to produce insect toxins. These toxins may have varying effects on insects. The effects may range from simply repelling inspects to inhibiting the insects development. The compound within plants that signals them to release the toxins is called systemin. Systemin activates two genes that in turn produce proteinase inhibitors. Insects use proteinase to digest proteins. When the plant releases the proteinase inhibitors, it prevents the insect's ability to digest the plant's proteins."

Tags:pathogens, disease, genes, insects, pollutants, metabolic, defenses, environment

Abstract
This paper examines the article "Playing God in the Garden" by Michael Pollan. The writer discusses the examination of the wisdom of growing and eating bio-engineered foods. The writer identifies in particular, Monsanto potatoes with genetically inserted Bt, that is a natural and usually safe pesticide used in organic farming. The paper focuses on three logical fallacies in the article and argues that Pollan does not support his conclusion.

From the Paper
"In his essay "Playing God in the Garden," Michael Pollan's main argument is not very clearly stated, but it can be inferred that it is that because we don't know whether or not Monsanto's bio-engineered New Leaf potatoes with genetically inserted Bt are safe or not, it is preferable not to eat them given the choice. This conclusion is supported with a series of related concepts that are also equally understated. These arguments contain several fallacies, which will be examined below. The first fallacy that Pollan commits is the emotional appeal to the fear of the unknown."

Tags:bioengineering, pollan, fallacies

Abstract
This is a detailed descriptive, persuasive paper about the effects of genetically modified crops. The author discusses genetic engineering and clearly defines many difficult biological terms, and how the Food and Drug Administration plays a major role in the legalization of genetically modified crops.

From the Paper
"Genetically engineered crops have killed dozens of people throughout the United States of America and Europe , and have harmed thousands of others. Governments of the world should outlaw genetically modified agricultural products to ensure that no other lives will be susceptible to the same type of danger. Scientists first designed genetically altered crops to resist herbicides. Genetically modified crops were also not intended for human consumption. In fact, they were intended for better yields, resistance to herbicides, and cheaper feed for livestock, such as cattle, sheep, poultry, etc. The FDA is now investigating genetically modified crops to see if they should ban them in the United States of America ."

Tags:corn, engineered, genetic, modified, plants, fda, dna, bio

Abstract
This paper draws a line at the edge of ethics, focusing on genetic engineering. It uses the book "Frankenstein" by Mary Shelly to illustrate some its points and to draw the reader to certain conclusions, while giving a summary of the book.

From the Paper
"Cloning, genetic engineering, DNA mapping, these words are no longer terms of science fiction, but terms that exist in our lives. While we, as a people, applaud our scientific achievements, there are questions that remain. Is it dangerous? Can there be unpredictable outcomes? What will happen?"

Tags:bio, DNA, lab, Arctic