Abstract
The use of bio fuels has long been viewed as a potential solution to solve the world's dependency on petroleum and its negative environmental impact. Recently, many Western countries, Canada among them, have begun to make a deeper examination of bio fuels, and specifically bio diesel, now that both its production costs have been lowered due to technology advances and its cost-basis is improved due to petroleum's high market costs. This paper examines the issue concerning the artificiality of the gasoline demand curve that creates a greater need for bio diesel irrespective of its benefits related to lowering the external costs associated with gasoline.

Tags:soybean, biodiesel, bus

Abstract
This paper discusses the way the products, which make up bio-diesel industry, are made and sold and their benefits to the environment. The author points out that bio-diesel energy is a clean burning alternative fuel, which is produced from domestic, renewable resources. The paper focuses on three companies: The American company Bio-diesel Industries and two British companies Bio-fuels Corporation and D1 Oils Plc..

From the Paper
"The energy needs of the world must be met somehow, and many today see the continuing reliance on fossil fuels as a dead end proposition, for fossil fuels will one day run out and are not renewable. It took thousands of years to produce the oil we are not pumping out of the ground, and there is no way to speed that particular process to replace those resources. Finding sources that are truly renewable and that can satisfy the world's energy needs is a major research goal, and one of the types of fuel being developed today is bio-diesel. Several companies are working to produce bio-diesel today, conducting research and producing the fuel for use in diesel vehicles in order to reduce reliance on petroleum-based products and improve the environment."

Tags:alternative, fuel, companies

Abstract
The paper researches whether al Qaeda or any other international terrorist group has the motivation and capability to develop and use bio-weapons to carry out their missions of terror. The paper also examines the capability of authorities to deal with this challenge to existing health and defense systems. The paper studies the 2001 anthrax attack and contends that terror groups definitely have the intention to attack with bio-weapons, although we can only speculate about their capabilities. The paper asserts, however, that the threat is very real and the biggest imperative is to neutralize any al Qaeda scientists and technicians engaged in bio-weapons development.

Outline:
Introduction
Bio-Weapons
Biological Agents
Response
Prevention
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The threat posed by biological disease agents as a terrorist weapon emerged following the anthrax scare in October 2001, when anonymous letters filled with anthrax spores were mailed to US senators and selected media men. Anthrax is one of many biological agents suitable for use as weapon of mass destruction, which fall under five categories: bacteria, viruses, rickettsiae, fungi and toxins. The anthrax attack in the US came soon after 9/11, in which the terrorist group identified with al Qaeda seized two civilian planes and smashed them into the World Trade Center in New York and killed about 3,000 people."

Tags:al, Qaeda, anthrax, biological, weapons

Abstract
This paper examines how bio-terrorism has been called a disease of modern society, a condition of life, an unsurpassed weapon of psychological warfare, and an antithesis of democracy and the democratic spirit It shows how, although bio-terrorism is thought to be difficult to accomplish on a large scale, recent cases of small scale bio-terrorism have demonstrated how easily it would be to inflict large-scale damage in small doses, if done in a coordinated attack. It examines recent cases, such as anthrax-tainted mail, and looks at how terrorists seem to have relatively easy access to a range of sophisticated, "off the shelf" weapons technology that can be readily adapted to their operational needs.

From the Paper
"In September 1984, a non-state sponsored terrorist cult called the Rajneeshee from Oregon intentionally contaminated many salad bars in restaurants with salmonella bacteria. The incident resulted in 751 cases of enteritis, inflammation of the intestine (especially the small intestine), usually characterized by diarrhea, and 45 hospitalizations. This occurred just from a weak bacteria like salmonella. In 1995, the radical Aum Shinrikyo cult of Japan attacked the subways of Japan by releasing a sarin gas that killed twelve and left thousands debilitated. This cult had allegedly launched three unsuccessful biological attacks in Japan using Anthrax and botulin toxin."

Tags:anthrax, sars, salmonella, terrorists, virus, bacteria

Abstract
An examination of bio-terrorism. The writer explores the type of threat posed by bio-terrorism and the extent to which the nation has prepared for it, especially after the events of 9/11. The paper shows the various types of materials that can be used in bio-terrorism and how each of them can be prevented and treated.

Contents
Introduction
What is Bioterrorism?
How Can it be Used Against Us?
What Types of Things Can Be Used to Commit it?
What Now?
Steps That Were Taken after 9-11
Government Readiness
School Readiness
The Future
What Should be Done for Future Protection?
International Cooperation
Protecting our Borders

From the Paper
"For almost two hundred years Americans were lulled into a false sense of security with the belief that nobody could penetrate the "invisible" shield of protection around the country. While chaos was happening around the world by way of attacks, bio-terroristic threats, wars and other problems, Americans went about their daily business believing it could never happen here. And then the events of 9-11 unfolded. Americans were horrified and glued to television screens as the World Trade Centers came down. From that point on the nation understood it was not invincible and the concern about possible bio-terrorism began to grow."

Tags:al, quaida, bin, ladin, world, trade, center, ricin, chemical, weapon, mass, destruction

Abstract
This paper explains that things, such as cell phones, i-pods, planes and cars have made lives more convenient but they leave an ecological footprint by using up environmental resources. The author points out that the concept of an ecological footprint also is a resource management tool, which measures how much land and water area a human population requires to produce the resources it consumes and to absorb its wastes under prevailing technology. The paper stresses that each region of the earth has a biological capacity. The author underscores that the responsibility to preserve the environment for the future generations can be achieved by seeking alternative methods, such as prevention, adaptation and mitigation. The paper stresses that it is up to individuals to monitor activities and resource consumption and to play an active part in the sustainability of the environment.

From the Paper
"Another type of ecological footprint that is affecting us at an alarming rate is the carbon footprints. Whenever human activities involve the burning of fossil fuels, carbon dioxide is emitted. This goes in the atmosphere, contributing to global climate change, unless it can be captured and stored by plants. The carbon footprint therefore measures the demand on bio-capacity that results from burning fossil fuels in terms of the amount of forest area required to absorb these carbon dioxide emissions."

Tags:carbon, resource, consumption, bio-capacity, sustainability

Abstract
This paper outlines the history of mental health law in the UK, identifying a number of key principles of health care economics and ethics, with a focus on the particular incentives and trade-offs that are raised by these principles at three levels of the mental health system: government and society; purchasers and providers; and users and caretakers. The paper then suggests that there is a need to move towards a more open, accountable, and evidence-based mental health care system, which would be fully supported by UK law.

Table of Contents
History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Healthcare
Four Principles of Healthcare Economics
Four Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Tensions in Healthcare Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present

From the Paper
"In the United Kingdom, a debate has surfaced in recent years regarding existing mental health laws . This debate raises important questions about human rights, duty of care, individual responsibility, the nature of mental illness and the purpose of mental health services. The focus of this debate revolves around the libertarian principles of autonomy and self-determination. In basic terms, stakeholders in the debate, including mental health professionals, insurance companies, patients and family members, have varying ideas regarding whether or not we can justify the legalized use of force by mental health services on individuals diagnosed with a mental disorder who have not committed a crime."


History of UK Case Law
Draft Mental Incapacity Bill
The Fundamental Principle Behind Medical Law in the UK
Capacity Law
Problems in Mental Health Systems in the UK
A Right to Health Care: The Libertarian Objection
Whom to Sacrifice
The Struggle Between Ethics and Economics in Mental Healthcare
Four Principles of Healthcare Economics
Four Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Tensions in Healthcare Decision-Making
Government and Society
Purchasers and Providers
Economic Incentives
Ethical Trade-offs
Users and Caretakers
Linking the Past to the Present

Tags:freedom, psychiatric, treatment, torture, cruel, punishment, force, psychiatry, violates, rights, mental, distress, bio-medical

Abstract
This paper examines how modern agricultural mass production has caused a reduction in the number of species used for food. The paper then points out the consequences of crop varieties, a reduction in the capacity of plant life and a reduction in ecosystem equilibrium. The paper recommends that to achieve some semblance of bio-diversity, farmers now must preserve agricultural variety by increasing heritage and heirloom plant products.

From the Paper
"While its technical ingenuity and sophistication cannot be under-estimated, the grim truth is that modern agricultural mass production has caused a reduction in the number of species used for food. Put simply, the modern tendency towards mass production has resulted a situation wherein a mere 15 plant species constitute about 90 percent of the food consumed by humans (Pimentel, 453). Suffice it to say, the desire to optimize production and maximize profit has sparked the massive mass production of a narrow band of foodstuffs; consequently, there has been a progressive deterioration of crop varieties, a reduction in the capacity..."

Tags:agricultural, mass, production

Abstract
As the American population continues to become more diverse racially, members of visible minority groups within the population become more prominent. Simultaneously, with the increase in diversity, income distribution in the American economy has become more distorted. While economic growth in the United States has surged over the past decade, the income gap has widened; not only between the richest and poorest Americans, but also between moderate-income and low-income Americans. Members of visible minorities in the population tend to be represented disproportionately in the low-income and poverty classifications in the United States. While there is an abundance of implications of this state of affairs, one of the more crucial ones is access to health care. Individual and household financial capacity, the scarcity of employer-paid health insurance among small businesses, cultural differences based in social psychology and other factors frequently act as impediments to health care access for low-income individuals and households among visible minority population groups in the contemporary United States. This problem and these issues are investigated in this study. The study identifies causal factors for the gap in health care access between lower-income Americans and members of visible minorities in the United States, on the one hand, and more affluent Americans and members of the majority segment of the population, on the other hand. The initial chapter of this study delineates the problem investigated. Specific research questions are formulated and stated to provide greater focus for the investigation.
Social psychological theory and applied social psychology literature are reviewed in the second chapter. Literature relevant to the functioning of low-income and visible minority population groups in the United States within a social psychological context are reviewed in the third chapter. The fourth chapter is devoted to a review of literature relevant to both the health care system in the United States and the experiences of low-income and visible minority population groups in relation to health care access and health care delivery in the United States. An assessment of the problem investigated, performed within the structure of the research questions, is presented in the final (fifth) chapter. Conclusions drawn from the study findings are stated and recommendations for further research are made. The summary conclusions reached through the conduct of this study relate both to health care access and health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities. With respect to health care access, the summary conclusion reached is that a universal system of health care entitlement is required in the United States. In relation to health care utilization by low-income persons and members of visible minorities, the summary conclusion reached is that extensive education is required for both low-income persons and members of visible minorities, on the one hand, and health care providers, on the other hand. Low-income persons and members of visible minorities require education on the benefits and function of health care services, while health care providers require education in the social mores of the diverse populations they must serve.

Table of Contents:

Introduction
Problem Delineation
Background on the Problem
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions
Review of Relevant Social Psychology Theory and Literature
Introduction
Sociological Theory and Health Care
The Welfare State
Accessing Contemporary Health Care
Role of Ethics in Accessing Health Care
Alternative Health Care Delivery Systems
Chapter Conclusions
Social Functioning of Low-Income and Visible Minority Population Groups
Introduction
HIV/AIDS Related Behavior
Initiatives to Improve Health Care
Access and Behaviors
The American Health Care System and the Experiences of Low-Income and Visible Minority Groups
Introduction
The American Health Care System
Analysis of Health Care Delivery Systems
Care Quality
Alternative Approaches to Health Care
Bio-ethical Issues
Problems of Accessibility
Initiatives to Improve Minority Access
Chapter Conclusions
Assessment of the Problem Discussion, Recommendations for Further Research
Appendices
Annotated Bibliography

From the Paper
"Social Cognitive Theory [self-efficacy] emphasizes the role of expectancies, self-efficacy, peer normative influences, and social competency skills as key components affecting adolescents' behaviors (DiClemente, Lodico, Grinstead, Harper, Rickman, Evans, & Coates, 1996). The applicability of models based on social psychological principles for understanding African-Americans' decision-making and sexual behavior has been questioned because most such models tend to be individually-focused and do not take into account the social context in which the behavior is embedded (Cochran & Mays, 1993). Social cognitive theory, however, explicitly integrates behavioral, cognitive, and environmental factors as reciprocally interactive. Thus, given the hypothesized multi-factorial nature of sexual decision making and the potential impact of the high-risk social environment of the study population, approaches based on social cognitive theory are thought to be particularly relevant for understanding the myriad factors that may affect African-Americans' sexual behavior."

Tags:Simmelian, Four, Quadrants, HIV/AIDS, TRA

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that as a very successful company, Starbucks has the opportunity and funds, not to mention the responsibility, to strive towards more ecologically efficient goals in its production and running. The writer discusses that as Starbucks has a mission to develop innovative and flexible solutions to bring about environmental change, the company should be open to the implementation of the following environmental initiatives: moves towards increased recycling of paper cups, sleeves and other products; consideration of more potentially "environmentally friendly" cups such as non-CFC polystyrene; reducing solid waste in the face of reducing landfill capacity via packaging; implementation of split recycling bins in stores and behind counters; bio-plastics for cup lids; and wind energy as a source of power.

Outline:
Introduction
Summary
Analysis
Optimals
Actuals
Purpose Statement
Content: Conclusion
Audience Resistance
Trump Analysis:

From the Paper
"Moves towards increasing ecological and environmental awareness at Starbucks should capitalize primarily on behaving in a more "green" manner in terms of solid waste and also in terms of using a green energy source. Success will occur when already in-place environmental measures are increased or capitalized on, and when new environmental measures are brought in to replace non-green existing structures. The paper cups, the largest amount of solid waste manufactured by Starbucks, consist of a large degree of solid waste, and thus green efforts should be directed towards this. Paper cups should contain a higher percentage of recycled material (as compared to its current 10% composition) or should be changed altogether to be more environmentally friendly - for example, recent evidence suggests that non-CFC polystyrene is superior to paperboard from an environmental standpoint. Recycling of used cups will reduce potential landfill waste, which is a problem across North America. The cup packaging also includes the lid, which could be made more environmentally sound by switching from plastic to bioplastic."

Tags:environmentally, friendly, recycling, bins