Abstract
The following paper analyzes the process of adding binary numbers by making reference to an addition algorithm as an example of this process. Background information to binaries is included.

From the paper:

"The binary number system was based on the decimal system, but uses only two digits, 1 and 0, instead of the 10 digits used by the decimal system. The system was developed for computer systems because they are more economical and precise when writing code. All digital computers use binary as their primary code. Each binary digit represents either "on" or "off" to the computer."

Tags:combinations, numbers, circuits, code, decimal, system, computer, systems, hexadecimal, conversion, chart

Abstract
The paper examines how the binary relationship between males and females has been constructed and also how that construction has specific and demonstrable effects on gender equity for ordinary people, specifically in the workplace. The paper discusses deconstruction, traditional feminism and binary construction of gender.

From the Paper
"The binary conception of gender is well understood by just about everyone, even if only on an unconscious and implicit level. Academics of varying disciplines routinely take the matter much farther than the general population, but nevertheless binary male/female is a well-known aspect of everyday life permeating throughout the all parts of life. The purpose of this brief essay is not only to examine how this binary relationship has been constructed (and hence understood by academics) but also how that construction has specific and demonstrable effects on gender equity for ordinary people, specifically in the workplace."

Tags:sociology, binary, workplace

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that society is based on a gender binary system and that certain attributes are regarded as quintessentially masculine, and others as feminine. The writer maintains that deviation from this is not well tolerated by mainstream society, possibly because it threatens the patriarchal status quo. This essay discusses the challenges faced by female athletes due to the gender binary system.

From the Paper
Our society is rigidly structured on the basis of a gender binary system, which stipulates and prescribes that there must be two - and only two - genders, and moreover that these two genders are the opposites of one another. This system commonly posits the male as the norm, and the female as merely the "other," or simply the opposite of the norm. Within this system,

Tags:sports, women, society

Abstract
This paper examines the restrictive binary gender system in light of Virginia Woolf's novel, "Orlando," with insight from Kate Bornstein's "Gender Outlaw" and Leslie Feinberg's "Transgender Warriors". The paper shows that Virginia Woolf's character, Orlando, on becoming a woman, maintains the same personality and memories that she had as a man. Orlando's gender identity, then, is somewhere between man and woman, but she must choose to present herself as either a man or a woman when she interacts with society. The paper shows that Orlando, and countless less-visible individuals in the same situation, must tailor gender expression to the closest acceptable model in the binary gender system.

From the Paper
"In a culture that hinges so critically on clearly defined gender roles, it seems significant that Orlando was accepted back into her life and the English culture on her return. At her estate, which she left as a man years ago, "No one showed an instant's suspicion that Orlando was not the Orlando they had known." Even that evening after meeting Orlando as a woman, Mrs. Grimsditch, a housekeeper, mentioned that "for what with the towels wanting mending and the curtains... being moth-eaten round the fringes, it was time they had a Mistress among them." It is in this comment that the frame of mind of the Englishman and Englishwoman becomes clear: While Orlando may have been a man, that does not matter, so long as Orlando fully assumes her role as a woman. For her to be accepted back into English society, she must function as a woman, for she looks like one. If she were to look like a man, then she must function as one. Orlando wishes to be part of society (as she always has wished), but her nature is at odds with the way society now expects her to behave."

Tags:transgender, transsexual, freedom

Abstract
This paper analyzes and describes the novel "The Human Stain" by contemporary American writer Philip Roth, who describes the act of racial passing as self-empowerment and self-invention. The paper points out that the novel is loosely based on the life of Anatole Broyard, and is narrated by Jewish American and recurring Rothian narrator Nathan Zuckerman. The paper concludes by explaining that the novel strives to speak to the reality of socially constructed contemporary American identities by undermining racism structured upon black/white binaries, celebrating individualism and self-creation, and also recognizing the fractured post-modern condition.

From the Paper
"At various points throughout the novel, the identity of the in-group clairvoyant and the dupe shifts drastically while the passer stays constant. At first it seems as though Zuckerman is a member of the in-group, for he is the narrator of Coleman's story and indeed the reader is duped into believing that Coleman is Jewish until chapter two. However, upon learning the secret of Coleman's pass and obtaining the knowledge that Zuckerman (the literary figure) is unaware, the reader becomes the in-group clairvoyant and Zuckerman the dupe. Yet at the same moment, the book that Zuckerman eventually authors about Coleman in the novel itself is entitled The Human Stain--if this book is that same that is being consumed by the reader as he or she discovers this fact, then indeed Zuckerman is once again the in-group clairvoyant and the reader assumes the role of the dupe. In the chaos of splitting identities and slipping roles that Roth creates as his novel unfolds, it is not important whether these identities correspond to static racialized subjectivities, but rather that these roles that we perceive as invariable are indeed in a state of constant fluctuation, reassignment, and reinvention."

Tags:race, Coleman Silk, Anatole Broyard, post-modern, black identity, white identity, Jewish identity, African American, Jewish American

Abstract
This paper discusses how in his poetry and prose, the Victorian essayist and author Matthew Arnold frequently makes use of binaries, or the classical rhetorical style of constructing a series of two contrasting or opposing ideas, to illustrate the speaker's main point. The paper then reviews Arnold's essay on modern religion, which is based upon the contrasts of Hebraism and Hellenism.

From the Paper
"The idea that Judaism is rigidly tied to the adherence to the law, sadly, can also be implicitly, if not explicitly connected to the Hebraic refusal to acknowledge Jesus as the Messiah. Not only does Arnold's analysis of the Hebraic impulse towards the truth sound reductive regarding Jewish culture but Stephen Prickett suggests that by creating such a binary opposition of the Hebraic and the Hellenic, Arnold attempts to filter out what he disliked in the Christian religion by creating the false binary of Hebraism, even while both the Greek and Hebraic ancient cultures were considerably more complex than Arnold's reading: "At the heart of Matthew Arnold's writings, whether literary, sociological, historical, or biblical, was the attempt to create an enlightened and forward-looking religion. For him this meant a Christianity that was 'scientific,' 'non-Semitic,' Indo-European, and Aryan in quality," that is, in Arnold's own words, containing "more of Plato and Socrates than Joshua and David." (Pickett, 2001; Arnold 1869)"

Tags:greek, Mosaic, Law, Judaism, Christianity, orthodox

Abstract
The paper deals with the question of whether environment or nature defines sex and explains that it is impossible to know. The paper discusses that certainly there is compelling evidence against either of these factors being totally responsible for gender. Gender is something that a person feels--it is not defined by how a person appears. The paper emphasizes how even then, a person only ascribed themselves an emotional gender based on traditional assumptions about the binary gender. The paper concludes that with the abolition of these traditional assumptions, gender, in a way, has become obsolete.

Tags:sexuality, binary, gender

Abstract
This paper presents an analysis of how the valuation of beauty is a social construction, reinforced by the social institutions of the dominant ethnicity in society that typically "marginalizes" other groups. The paper focuses on African Americans.

From the Paper
"In the video series Race The Power of Illusion we are provided with DNA evidence that questions the very core of our assumptions about race. Race remains a fundamental concept in society ..."

Tags:African Americans, slavery, racism, social institutions, ethnicity, oppression, identity, binary, white, black, norms

Abstract
This paper discusses how traditional assumptions about sexuality are rooted in the rigid concept of the gender binary. This gender binary generates and sustains an iniquitous power imbalance between the two genders. The paper explains how the gender binary, sexuality and power are so interwoven that it is hard to imagine one without the other - contrary to the general assumption that sexuality is assigned by biology. However, the paper notes that it is not a chicken-and-egg situation, for it is possible to ascertain which came first.

Tags:feminism, sexuality, gender

Abstract
This essay examines the binary opposition evident in the characters in Nathaniel Hawthorne's story, "The House of the Seven Gables". The paper explains that Hawthorn'es message, that posterity would benefit more from a strong set of plebeian values and ideals than from patrician inherited gold, was conveyed through his structured use of binary opposition in his characters.

From the Paper
"With the Revolutionary War only sixty-eight years removed, aristocratic thinking is being challenged by the new democratic mind-set. During this turbulent, yet exciting, growth spurt in American history, Nathaniel Hawthorne publishes The House of the Seven Gables (1851). His masterful use of binary characters subtlety argues for the wholesomeness of plebeian democratic values rather than keeping the patrician aristocratic power structure. Hawthorne creates several characters that are in binary opposition to one another. Among other themes, these characters represent the theme of the rise of the plebeian over the ashes of the patrician."

Tags:colonel, pyncheon, matthew, maule, puritan, aristocrat, persecution, hanging, witchcraft, salem, witch, trials, property, land, stream, running