Abstract
This paper examines the issue of billboard advertising from the premise that it is a feature of modern American life that needs to be regulated by the federal government. It examines the history of such regulation as has already been enacted. It examines the effects of those regulations. It also examines the attitude of the public toward outdoor advertising, particularly billboards. It also gives some supporting case histories regarding the effect of billboards on citizens? lives.

From the Paper
"Without the automobile, there would have been no need for advertising billboards, although they might have given people walking to visit a friend or trotting a 12-mph-horse to town something to do. Plus, they could have looked at those "messages" a lot longer than can people speeding by at 60-plus miles an hour. Still, advertising depends on a lot of people seeing the advertiser's message so that the expense of broadcasting that message to potential buyers will be repaid, and profit made as well. So, it took not only the invention of the automobile and roads, but achieving a critical mass of people owning and traveling in automobiles to make billboards a reasonable means of advertising products and services."

Tags:product, exposure, buyer, outdoor, public

From the Paper
"Advertising does influence people, which is why newspapers and magazines engage in cutthroat competition to convince corporations to place ads in their publications. What appears in these ads are images that equate emotional well-being with material acquisition and encourage women - beginning in their teenage years and perhaps even before -- to work at preserving the one "right" look, one that emphasizes thinness except for in the area of breasts, which should always be voluptuous and lips, which should always be full and pouty (Kilbourne, 1995, p. 21).
The average American views three thousand ads in one day. Yet remarkably, most of us believe we are not influenced by advertising. Advertisers do far more than influence our taste - they manipulate our desires so that their products will become our closest friends and the images that they project of the most.."

Abstract
This paper explains that Claudia "Lady Bird" Taylor Johnson, the wife of President Lyndon Johnson, during and after her husband's time in the White House, was involved with several environmental initiatives, which continue to make an impact decades later. The paper describes Lady Bird's efforts to make cities and highways throughout the U.S. more beautiful and relates that Lady Bird promoted legislation to protect the environment, although today not all laws remain in place. The writer also states that, as other first ladies, Lady Bird Johnson also knew that her place was to support her husband on his own personal issues.

Outline:
Introduction
Each First Lady Had Something of Her Own on which to Work, be in Healthcare, the Arts or Social Services
Lady Bird Johnson, Wife of Lyndon, Had Her Own Personal Issue
As Other First Ladies, She Will Always be Remembered for her Impact
Environment, the One Word to Sum up Lady Bird's Contribution
Quote: "Ugliness is so Grim..."
Beauty without and within People is her Legacy
Scenic America Considers Her its Spiritual Godmother and Inspiration
History behind Beautification Legislation
Bird Started the Committee for a More Beautiful Campaign Due to Run-Down and Decrepit Conditions in Washington, D.C.
Effort Grew from Cross City, to Neighborhood to Neighborhood to Across the U.S.
Her Committee Planted Trees and Flowers at Major Landmarks, and They Still Remain Today
As Momentum Increased, Wildflowers Began Replacing Ugly Billboards across the Country, and the Media Followed Her Ongoing Clean-Up Act
Despite Cynicism about Big Industry and Loop Holes, Legislation was Passed
Further Environmental Movements
She Pushed Hard from the Wilderness Act of 1964, Land, the Wild and Scenic Rivers Program and Expansion of National Parks
Made Littering A Public Acknowledged Problem and Led to Increase in Anti-Pollution Culture in 1970s
In 1982, National Wildlife Research Center
Grand Canyon and National Concerns
Problems Reappeared, as with any Legislation
Some states have Reneged on Billboard Usage; Others Continue the Fight
Still Better Than Situation Would Have Been
Conclusion--Why She Did It. Quotes.

From the Paper
"Unfortunately, as with many laws, the Highway Beautification legislation was not tight enough to keep the large concerns from moving through the loop holes, and the small concerns, as those along Route 66, to suffer the consequence. Time went on, and the number of billboards continued to grow. Today, the billboard blight is worse in some states than others and environmental groups actively work together to keep additional laws from making matters worse."

Tags:wildflowers, scenic america, billboard native, loop holes

Abstract
The paper provides evidence that portrays how American children are incredibly influenced by McDonald's marketing tactics. The paper discusses the patronizing attitude of th "I want a Big Mac" billboard, the deception of the seemingly mouth-watering hamburger and the illusion that the watery lettuce, juicy tomatoes and succulent fresh beef is a healthy choice. The paper emphasizes how this ad is enticing and makes viewers belief thatthere is nothing else to think about but this big, beautiful hamburger that can satisfy a craving in a simple, easy way.

From the Paper
"McDonald's is one of the world's biggest fast food chain corporations. McDonald's was first opened in California in the 1940s and are now found in one hundred and twenty countries. McDonald's serves approximately 54 million customers each day (Wikipedia, 2007). McDonald's likes to believe that it is a regular restaurant - not just another fast food restaurant - where customers are their top priority. They pride themselves in offering their customers a wide variety of food at a great price. Just a few of their famous food products are French Fries, Chicken McNuggets, Egg McMuffins, Big Macs, and Quarter Pounders - not to mention the Happy Meal. McDonalds's is one of the world's most well known and valuable brands and holds a major share in the fast-food business in almost every country they operate (McDonald's, 2006)."

Tags:advertising, marketing, billboard, golden, arches

Abstract
In this article the writer notes that the term gangsta rap began its rise to popularity when the controversial single "Gangsta, Gangsta" by N.W.A. (Niggaz with Attitude) hit the Billboard's Hot Rap Singles chart. The writer explains that rap music is an expression of minorities' frustration with poverty, drugs, and sexual harassment, yet some includes explicit lyrics about violence and sexual abuse that many critics believe can easily mislead impressionable teens who are the main patrons of this type of music The writer maintains that gangsta rap music is essentially the vocalization of sentiments that have lived long within the political environment of the African-American community. The writer concludes that to feel empowered, African- American males attempt to keep women subordinate.

From the Paper
"African American men have historically enabled themselves with the power and authority to determine the black political agenda, and have consistently abused that power and defined the boundaries of the imagined black nation in terms of a sexual politics that institutionalized male domination and the subordination of the feminine. For example, Alexander Crummell suggested that one of African American women's main political duties was to protect their virtue and maintain sexual purity, and Stokely Carmichael asserted that the only position for women in his movement was prone."
"Ice Cube held women and gay men in contempt in "Amerikkka's Most Wanted," and in particular the fictional violence against women, with lyics such as "bitch-killah" in "The Nigga Ya Love to Hate," and the misogynistic "You Can't Fade Me," which is a venomous mother's -baby-father's-maybe tale that concludes with a murderous fantasy."

Tags:hip-hop, Los, Angeles, lyrics, empowerment

Abstract
This paper explains that Bob Marley was the first ever international Third World music superstar whose influence spread to every corner of the earth. The author describes, in detail, how Marley, who came from the slums of Jamaica, started his own band and record label and eventually toured the world. The paper underscores that, even now, more than 20 years after his untimely death, Bob Marley's name is known all over the planet and he is still the best-selling reggae artist in the world, controlling forty percent of the recent chart listings of "Billboard" magazine. The paper concludes that the key to Marley's success is not through advocating sex, money,or violence in his songs like current recording artists but through his religious beliefs of Rastafarianism and his message of love, peace and freedom for every living person, regardless of race, nationality or creed.

From the Paper
"Bob's final world tour (1980) began in Gabon, Africa and moving onto Zimbabwe, were his music had deeply affected the countries politics. Zimbabwe was under British colonial rule for almost a century and had just been freed after a long and brutal war. Marley's song "Zimbabwe" was a call for change saying "It take a revolution, to make a solution". During this time of war, this song was a national anthem, representing what the soldiers were fighting for. Marley was the only performer playing at the concert that wasn't native but was allowed because of the effect his music had on soldiers moral."

Tags:jamaica, best-selling, rastafarianism, freedom, people

Abstract
This six page undergraduate paper examines representations of social class, gender, ethnicity, race, and/or age in the media. It seems evident that the best way to accomplish this is to examine television ads, radio ads, billboard ads, newspaper ads, magazine ads, and Internet ads. The writer points out that since ads are trying to sell a certain product or service, their content represents people who buy their product as extremely attractive, friendly, popular and happy people.

From the Paper
"In conducting a content analysis of representations of social class, gender, ethnicity, race, and/or age in the media, it seemed evident that the best way to accomplish this would be to examine television ads, radio ads, billboard ads, newspaper ads, magazine ads, and Internet ads. Since ads are trying to sell a certain product or service, their content represents people who buy their product as extremely attractive, friendly, popular, and happy people. These representations in media ads may differ in specific content, but they all reach out to their target audience in the same way by appealing to the social instincts and values of people."

Tags:social, class, media

Abstract
In a recent Business Week article on September 20, 2001, Pepsi Co Inc. created a line of young men's and women's apparel, footwear, and accessories that would serve not as a crude brand billboard but rather reflect the lifestyles of Pepsi and Mountain Dew drinkers. Why would Pepsi invest in such a venture even though the Pepsi icon might not be visible on these products? Do you think this marketing strategy is a trend or an effective long-term strategy?

From the Paper
" PepsiCo Inc. is best known for its soft drink Pepsi and Mountain dew and yet, over the years it has also created logo items, such as T-shirts, hats and duffel bags with the Pepsi globe design. These are part of its marketing strategy to promote the drinks in the minds of the people making the drink a part of the life of their life. But that sort of marketing has its limitations. These items can be taken to the beach but they are not a 'brand'. In today's lifestyle a brand name is what is needed to succeed. It is the brand name that grabs the attention of the consumer and retains their loyalty as price, quality etc. become associated with the name accordingly. So the logo accessories that were promoted by Pepsi may have been used but they did not create an awareness of Pepsi in any market other than that of soft drinks."

Tags:clothing

Abstract
This paper explains that the successes in elections by third-party candidates are blocked by little media coverage, often not being in debates, reduced funding, a lack followers, and the electoral system. The author points out that third-party candidates can overcome a number of these obstacles by focusing on a single ideology or issue and by using inexpensive campaign techniques like debates, forums, and billboard advertising. The paper remarks that, while there are important exceptions, such as Governor Jesse Ventura of Minnesota, the majority of third-party candidates fail to be elected.

From the Paper
"The electoral system itself often contributes to making the election of third-party candidates difficult. Many laws that relate to elections limit the success of third-party candidates. America's "winner-take-all system of counting ballots ... does little to encourage a party that perpetually comes in third or fourth place to repeatedly contest elections, whereas proportional representation systems, which are widely used in other industrialized democracies, do." Further, many states have ballot access requirements that state that candidates must have a specific number of signatures to run for office."

Tags:winner-take-all, media, funding, electoral, ideology

Abstract
This paper notes that the U.S. is becoming a nation of robots, programmed nearly every waking moment by television, radio, billboard , newspaper, magazine and Internet ads. The author points out that these advertisements manipulate emotions, insult intelligence and promise unending bliss if the consumer buys whatever they are selling. The paper relates that these advertisements wear down the potential consumer by relentlessly repeating their message.

From the Paper
"Having subjected myself over a twenty-four period to television ads, radio ads, billboard ads, newspaper ads, magazine ads, and Internet ads, I rewarded myself by seeking refuge in a bar, only to find myself surrounded by four walls filled with Budweiser beer ads, Canadian Club whiskey ads, Bacardi rum ads, and bar ads promoting two-for-one drinks until Happy Hour ended. Not feeling all that happy, I left the bar and was almost run over by a city bus adorned with ads promoting the comfort, efficiency and safety of city buses."

Tags:consumer, ads, experiment