Abstract
This is a position paper on the advantages of bilingual education. The different educational models of bilingual education are looked at, as well as the opportunities provided by bilingual education to students with limited English proficiency. The paper also examines the controversy surrounding bilingual education.

From the Paper
"Bilingual education programs have been a fixture in the American public education system for many decades. However an enormous amount of controversy surrounds bilingual education which includes a variety of different educational ..."

Tags:bilingual education

Abstract
In this article, the writer points out that bilingual education has become increasingly accepted as a necessary part of today's educational culture. The writer examines both the benefits and deficiencies of bilingual education. The paper is also used to present some discussion on the ability to assess success in a bilingual education program.

From the Paper
"Evidence of benefits do exist for bilingual education, including increased student self-esteem, improved sociocultural understanding, and reading and writing proficiency in both the students' original language and their adopted English language. However, evidence also exists that bilingual education does not work for many students. Commonly discussed deficiencies in bilingual education include a lack of English proficiency at graduation, the failure to transition from the student's native tongue to English, and the inability to provide "authentic" bilingual education to students from a variety of cultures."

Tags:bilingual, education, benefits

Abstract
This paper discusses the pros of bilingual education in New York public schools. As part of the discussion, the paper examines the following four language programs available in New York: two-way bilingual education, transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL) and English immersion program.

From the Paper
"Over the last five years, educators in the New York City public school system have begun to acknowledge the need for schools to offer increased program choice for the wide variety of English Language Learners (ELLs) entering the New York City public school system. Current language programs in New York can be classified under four categories: two-way bilingual programs, transitional bilingual education, English as a Second Language (ESL) and English immersion programs. Due to the shortage of funding and qualified teachers the majority of ELLs has..."

Tags:Bilingual, Education

Abstract
The paper uses history, the legal issues concerning bilingual education, the moral issues concerning bilingual education, effective bilingual programs, and examples of success to form an argument for the use of bilingual education.

From the Paper
"The United States has always been a country where one could go to escape tyranny and persecution, and start a new, prosperous life. However this age old right of immigrants is in danger. Now the US is still very accepting of immigrants, but starting a prosperous life is in jeopardy because of cuts in the bilingual education programs. Although a legal and mandatory program, bilingual education has come under scrutiny and many programs have been cut, even in many states that have a substantial non-English speaking population. Bilingual Education is not a new idea; according to Dr. Perry Castelli, in their book Social Foundations of American Education (2000) there have been forms of the program ever since the 1800s ( 229). However, there was not an outcry for official bilingual education laws until the 1960s, mainly because immigrants were less concerned with education and more concerned with starting a new life (Castelli 2000). This has all changed in today's world. According to Judy Davis Smith in her article "The New Immigrant Students Need More than ESL" (2004) "between the years 1991 and 1999, the number of language minority school-aged children who are now living in the United States rose from 8 million to 15 million" (Davis 21). We cannot afford to have all of these children go through life without an education. According to The Encyclopedia of Bilingualism and Bilingual Education (1998), Bilingual Education also allows students of all backgrounds and education levels to learn English through four different types of programs: Two-Way bilingual education, Late-Exit Transitional Bilingual education, Early-exit Transitional Bilingual education, and ESL Pull-out programs. This certainly shows the level of dedication to the bilingual education programs and the willingness to educate all children. In the United States today there is a growing need for more bilingual education programs, but instead many programs have been cut and more non-English speaking students have been left to fend for themselves. This should not be the case. Instead we should expand our bilingual education programs, and instead of trying to get rid of them, try and fix them because the futures of many children's lives are at stake."

Tags:fourteenth, amendment, official, language, brown, vs, board, of, education, opportunity, equal, funding, school, districts

Abstract
This paper explores recent trends and controversy regarding bilingual education and examines various methods for providing bilingual education. Additionally, recent educational trends in this field are discussed, including two-way bilingual education, integrated bilingual education, two-way immersion, and transitional bilingual. Issues such as preserving the students' native culture and language as well as their growth in both the native language and the newly acquired language are examined.

Outline:
Introduction
Differing Methods of Bilingual Instruction
English Only Mandates
Loss of Native Language
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Bilingual Education ideally encompasses dual language learning that can take on any number of forms (Jarvis, 2006). The vast majority of research supports bilingual education as a necessity to facilitate not only learning on non-native speakers of English, but as a tool to maintain and promote heritage language and culture (Adams & Jones 2006; Combs et.al., 2005; de Jong, 2006; Hasson, 2006; Jarvis, 2006; Lee, 2006; Lopez & Tashakkori, 2006; Moses, 2000; Nora, 2000;). While research continues to indicate the benefits of bilingual education there has been recent influx of "English-only" mandates (Adams & Jones, 2006, Combs et. al., 2005; Lee, 2006; Moses, 2000) which perpetuate injustice manifesting itself in various ways throughout the educational experience of English language learners (ELL) (Adams & Jones, 2006; Combs et. al., 2005; Hasson, 2006; Moses, 2000)."

Tags:ELL, English Language Learners, ESL, English Second Language, bilingualism, dual, english only, NCLB, No Child Left Behind, immersion, Hispanic, Spanish, monolingual

Abstract
This paper relates that English-only instruction for limited English proficiency (LEP) students does not provide the same quality education as for native speakers. The author points out that refusing a non-native English learner schooling in his or her native language, especially at the beginning stages of his or her education, is a denial of the basic human right of freedom and opportunity to pursue one's goals. The paper asserts that, rather than investigating the claims made by anti-bilingualist politicians and officials, people tend to be motivated by their emotions and political hysteria to take a position that is not only unfair towards the children involved but also towards the future of the country itself.

Table of Contents:
Bilingual Education: Background and History
Bilingual Education: Opponents
Conclusion and Considerations for the Future

From the Paper
"Currently, the United States is going through a difficult political period. Emotions are running high not only in terms of the war on terrorism, but also in terms of the concomitant issue of culture and language. Whereas German was the maligned language and culture during the World Wars, currently Arabs are at the receiving end of racial slurs and attacks. Because of this, Americans are also subject to a particularly patriotic feeling, which translates itself to the language issue. Hence the drive to phase out bilingual education is politically rather than linguistically motivated."

Tags:laws, immigration, opportunities, reading, bilingualism

Abstract
The paper argues that predicting the effect of bilingual education on student outcomes, using the work by Huddy and Sears ("Opposition to Bilingual Education: Prejudice or the Defense of Realistic Interests?") is problematical. The authors investigated the bases for parental prejudice against bilingual education but they did not investigate in any detail what the educational outcomes might be for the children involved. The paper shows that the authors made only incidental reference to the possibility that Latino, African-American or other minority students-or even Anglos-might experience diminished educational outcomes in the presence, or for that matter absence, of bilingual education. In fact, they were not investigating outcomes per se; they were investigating the source of prejudice.

From the Paper
"Huddy and Sears concluded that the deepest opposition to bilingual education resulted from perceived realistic interest. They found that both parents and non-parents who perceived that programs were in competition for limited resources for education were most likely to oppose bilingual education. In addition, they noted that those parents who believed bilingual education was not of benefit to their children also opposed it."

Tags:linguistic, language, training

Abstract
This paper first provides background information about bilingual classes and an evaluation of the current bilingual education situation. The paper also looks at arguments both for and against bilingual education. Finally, this paper seeks to prove that bilingual education in its current form must be reformed or eliminated.

From the Paper
"An article found in ERIC digest explains that bilingual classes can be classified as either late transition or early transition classrooms. The classification depends on the students' ability to learn in English speaking classrooms. Programs that are classified as early exit are based on the students' ability to speak English proficiently. In the late transition programs the students must be able to read and write English proficiently to be place in a mainstream classroom. (McKeon)"

Tags:english, home, language, non-english, speaking, instruction, students, culture

Abstract
This paper discusses the controversy surrounding bilingual education. The paper explores the stance taken by politicians on this issue and contends that, since the issue is within the educational system and within the schools themselves, it only makes sense that the solution will be found there and not in the halls of state or federal government. The paper presents the opinions of those who support bilingual education and of those who oppose it.

From the Paper
"The controversy over the concept and practice of bilingual education is hardly new. Although most people trace the beginnings of the debate to the 1970's Supreme Court finding that non-native English speakers (particularly new immigrants), were not receiving the equal education guaranteed them by the law (CPJ, 1997), the debate has actually long been a part of United States History. Interestingly, however, most American voters have little knowledge about the long history of bilingual education, and instead somehow imagine that the best and only "logical" way to immerse new immigrant students into the "mainstream" is to immediately place them in an all English setting. Although this is the view of many, it is particularly telling that large numbers of politicians and political parties jump on the bilingual bandwagon-either for or against, seemingly pointing to a larger issue of the importance of "assimilation" that has nothing to do with academic success."

Tags:english, second, language

Abstract
This paper examines how there are various accepted methodologies for classroom application of bilingual education, including immersion programs, two-way programs, and transitional programs. It reviews some of the literature concerning this issue, while paying close attention to the ultimate goal of classroom application in terms of the provision of effective bilingual education for minority students.

From the Paper
"In terms of finding the best method to approach the provision of bilingual education to minority students, many scholars have reacted to the reports of Rossell and Baker, including Jay P. Greene, who sums up their report on bilingual education in his meta-analysis. Rossell and Baker were advocates of the type of educational environment that does not facilitate the use of a minority student's native language in the classroom as a way of facilitating learning and development, and their results suggested that teaching in other languages within an English-speaking system was counterproductive to cognitive growth and learning. Therefore, according to these authors, the very framework of the bilingual education program for minority students was called into question."

Tags:minority, students, immersion, programs