Abstract
The paper explains that a bilateral air transport agreement (ATA) is a convention signed by two countries by which they allow one another unrestricted civil aviation within their national boundaries. They grant each other rights to transport and take on and off, passengers, mail and cargo on their air route and territory. The paper discusses how such an agreement has both positive and negative effects, but the paper reveals that the positive outnumber the negative ones and make the contract beneficial for the development of the airline industry, economy, tourism and international relationships. The paper explains that the majority of the bilateral air service agreements must have been beneficial for both parties, since once they expired, new alliances were negotiated and formed.

Outline:
Executive Summary
Opinions and Arguments in Favor of the ATA
Rights Granted to the Parties by the ATA
Protection Issues
Unfair Competition
Monopoly
Protectionist Policies
War and Natural Calamities
Opinions and Arguments Against ATA
Restricted Pricing
Suggested Solution
Frequency on a Route
Offshoring jobs in the Airline Industry
Conclusions

From the Paper
"There are two main reasons that support the forming of bilateral air transport agreements. First, the governments of the countries involved in the alliance believe that an international agreement and partnership could help protect themselves from numerous enemies and unfair competition.
"The second argument has a rather administrative nature and it regards the air transport companies and the travelers. In this order of ideas, the airline companies would be granted access to several airports and would be able to compete on the air services market by promoting lower prices and higher quality. Clients would be able to choose from a wider range of air transport providers the company that best met their financial and quality demands. This way, customers would be able to choose "the lowest prices that are not discriminatory.""

Tags:aviation, convention, alliance, economy, tourism

Abstract
This paper discusses the need for effective bilateral communication skills within an organization. It discusses the factors that lead to success within a business and looks at the relationship of effective communication to the factors. The paper argues that with any one of the factors missing the foundation of a group will be undermined and the group will not achieve successful results. The paper contains copies of original sources.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Group Needs
Clear Goals
Appropriate Leadership
Organizational Support
Suitable Tasks
Accountability
Completion of Tasks and Goals
Maintenance of Good Social Relations

From the Paper
"Accountability requires that all individuals and groups fulfill goals or express reasons why such goals and tasks have not been fulfilled. In doing so individuals, groups and the whole of organizations develop a sense of the barriers that might exists for the completion of goals, so such goals might be reevaluated or even in the long run groups may be disbanded and or reformed to better meet the goals. Lack of accountability in a real life situation would surface as a poor understanding of individual tasks and deadlines for such tasks at the close of meetings. If individuals are unaware of the tasks they are responsible for and of when they must be completed they are unlikely to prioritize them effectively and therefore complete them within a timeframe that meets the broader goals of the group."

Tags:group, team, goals, training, management

Abstract
This paper takes a look at Pakistan-China bilateral relations. The paper discusses how despite ideological differences, the rationale for Pakistan seeking close bilateral relations with China is obvious. The paper analyzes the reasons why China decided to reciprocate and discusses main factors that helped to forge Pakistan-China bilateral relations from the 1950s onwards.

From the Paper
"China had nothing preventing it from establishing strong ties with Pakistan but just because it was possible didn't imply any necessity to pursue the cause. To understand what pushed China into a friendship that -over the years- has been considered by some to be the next best thing to brotherhood, the geo-political labyrinth that China found itself in during the three decades after the revolution must be examined. "

Tags:communism, global, socialist, islamic, ideologies, Kashmir, india, cold, war

Abstract
The paper analyses two of Anselm of Canterbury's short works; "Free Will" and "The Fall of the Devil".
The paper discusses free will and free choice in the context of both works, and concludes that, though on first perusal both seem to offer very different and distinct views, in actuality the two are closer than they seem.

From the Paper
"In Anselm's "Free Will" and "The Fall of the Devil", there is a distinct impression left, at least initially, that the first of these two readings cleaves to the view that "free choice" is a unilateral conception with God controlling all, while the second of the two readings posits that "free choice" is very much that with man (or at least angel) apparently free to thwart the intended dispensation of salvation by God. However, the following paper will argue that the two chapters are actually closer than they appear because God has permitted subordinates a measure of power and autonomy that necessarily leaves them free to reject his will. "

Tags:anselm, free, will

Abstract
The impact of the NAFTA on United States taxation related to international transactions was examined. The NAFTA is not a tax treaty, and taxation is not addressed in the treaty. The signatory nations to the NAFTA, however, renegotiated bilateral tax treaties subsequent to the implementation of the treaty to address taxation issues that were affected by the provisions of the treaty.

From the Paper
"NAFTA Impact on US Taxation
Executive Summary
The impact of the NAFTA on United States taxation related to international transactions was examined. The NAFTA is not a tax treaty, and taxation is not addressed in the treaty. The signatory nations to the NAFTA, however, renegotiated bilateral tax treaties subsequent to the implementation of the treaty to address taxation issues that were affected by the provisions of the treaty.


The impact of the NAFTA on United States taxation related to international transactions, therefore, was inferred on the basis of the comparison of tax treaties between Canada and the United States and between Mexico and the United States in existence prior to the ratification of the NAFTA with protocols of those treaties..."

Abstract
This paper examines the modern economic allegiance of Japan and Europe and how it has opened up new challenges and opportunities. The writer describes some of the forums, organization and documents put together to ensure mutual understanding between the two emerging economic superpowers. The governments of Japan and Europe have made a host of diplomatic efforts to enhance trade, bolster investment and maintain a fruitful dialogue. For the most part, these efforts have served the financial interests of both sides; however, many significant barriers still inhibit the status of Japan and the European Commission (now the European Union) as one of the world's most effective partnerships. The paper concludes that although Japanese and EU relations have faced multiple setbacks over the past several decades, the desire to address and attend to them has been its defining characteristic.

From the Paper
"Shortly following the fall of the Berlin wall, as the tumultuous decade of the 1980's was coming to an abrupt end, Japanese Prime Minister Kaifu visited Europe to meet with President Delors of the European Commission. The objective was simple: determine Japan's potential financial role in the development of the Central and Eastern European economies. The meeting resulted in, through the impetus of the G24, Japan's commitment of 15 percent of the net value of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) fund. As an additional sign of goodwill, Japan committed a USD$ 2 billion stimulus package to Poland and Hungary. Such generosity represented a drastic departure from previous governmental policy which had favoured a 'hands-off' approach in regards to European development."

Tags:macro-economic, Japan Mission, protectionism deregulation security liberalization economics

Abstract
This essay examines the symptoms of Cherubism, a disease with unusual growths within the jaw and swelling of the face. It also discusses the causes, origins, treatment and future of this disease.

From the Paper
"The facial changes are brought about by overgrowth of fibrous tissue around the jaw bones. The disease starts to appear in the 3rd or 4th year of life and continues to grow until the person affected reaches the age of 15-20. Typically, the disease occurs early, when the afflicted person's primary teeth fall out and are supposed to be replaced by mature teeth. Instead, after the primary teeth fall out, the bone cells do not do their proper job, causing masses of soft tissue to develop in the jaw area. The disease, however, has been known to recede during adolescence. The size of the jaw stabilizes and progressively becomes smaller. In moderate cases, the deformity disappears altogether. Cherubism is a disease that has been around for a long time, yet little is known about the rare disease. Advancements in the study of cherubism are progressing slowly, yet consistently."

Tags:facial, changes, vary, considerably, person, mild, severely, disfiguring, effect, jaw, area, entire, face

Abstract
This paper studies two different approaches to international investments: The multilateral approach, which is favored by developed nations and the bilateral approach, which is favored by developing nations. As the paper explains, since the negotiations on MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investments) fell apart, the developed world has been attempting to renew the effort through the other world bodies like WTO. This paper examines which of the above approaches is most suited to the world and in particular to the developing countries. The paper also asks whether a multilateral approach will necessarily lead to increased global FDI inflows. This paper ultimately proves that one size does not fit all, since investments are too sensitive and complicated to be governed by an umbrella agreement covering the entire world. Thus, the paper concludes, the WTO's attempt to address non-commercial factors through a multilateral agreement may not be worthwhile. Further, the paper recommends that if the WTO is to increase FDI, it should continue to concentrate on trade rather than bringing investments under a multilateral arrangement.

Table of Contents:
Acknowledgements
List of Tables
List of Figures
List of Appendices
Introduction
Need for Study
Objectives
Hypothesis
Limitations
Chapterization
Literature Review
Theories on International Trade
Theories on FDI
What factors determine the FDI?
Is Global FDI Tariff Jumping?
Multilateralism & Bilateralism
The Doha Round
The Cancun & Hong Kong Round
India's Reservation on WTO
Methodology
Methodology
Source
Assumptions
Expected Outcome
Results & Findings
Findings from Time Series Data
Findings from Cross Section Data
Conclusions & Policy Recommendations
Suggested Areas for Further Research
Bibliography
End Notes
Tables
Figures
Appendices

From the Paper
"At present, the foreign investments are protected under the BITs (Bilateral Investment Treaties) and certain other regional arrangements. Since the 1960s, the BITs have increased greatly in numbers and today there are more than 2300 BITs (Source -UNCTAD). There has been a sustained debate between the developed and the developing world on the utility and/or continuance of BITs. The stand of the developed world is that the BIT is an inadequate protection since it often (not always) subordinates investment disputes to the local laws of the host country rather than international arbitration. Also, the process of negotiations of BITs is costly and time consuming. The western world also holds the view that the BITs do not sufficiently address the issue of transparency, predictability and stability of the FDI regime of the host countries."

Tags:bilateral, bit, doha, dtaa, fdi, investments, mai, multilateral, round, trade

Abstract
This paper looks at how international labour migration from Poland to Western Europe has proved to be an effective strategy in overcoming some of the multiple problems of transformation after the communist system collapsed. It argues that Poles generally have access only to the secondary sector of labour economy. It also examines how bilateral intergovernmental agreements, official statistical data and survey results suggest that the labour flows to the primary labour markets are limited due to the structural constraints of European economies as well as migration policies and regulations of receiving societies.

Outline
Abstract
Introduction
Chapter 1 Theoretical Framework
Segmented Labour Market Theory of International Migration
Some Empirical Applications of Segmented Labour Market Theory
Chapter 2 Historical Roots Of Migration From Poland
Basic Migration Features Before the Communist Period (Up To 1945)
Basic Migration Features During the Communist Regime (1945-1979)Liberalization of the 1980s
Changes Caused by the Transition Period. Migrations After the 1990s
Chapter 3 Analysis of Polish Access to the Economic Sectors of the Western European Labour Markets
Structure of the Analysis and Methodological Considerations
Migration Policy
Bilateral Agreements on Foreign Employment of Poles
Seasonal Work in Germany
Project-Tied Employment by Polish Companies in Germany
Polish Labour Presence In Other Countries Of Western Europe (Employment In Western Europe Beyond the Framework of Bilateral Agreements)
Push Factors Responsible For Current Migration Flows-Migrants Characteristics
Summary of the Results
Conclusions
Bibliography

From the Paper
"The complexity and diversification of international migration has resulted in the fact that there is no single theory or model which would be able to explain the phenomenon of migration satisfactorily and to capture dynamics of the process and conditions related to its various phases. However, different models were adopted in the attempt to reveal and predict various specific aspects associated with it. Among the most important theories which aim to explain causes of international migration, its development, and why it tends to sustain, are the neo-classical economics, the new economics of migration, segmented labour market theory, world system theory, social capital theory, and cumulative causation. The latter models accentuate different aspects of this phenomenon."

Tags:communism, eastern, europe, germany, liberalization

Abstract
Shortly after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, President George W. Bush announced that the U.S. would strive to create a Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) to promote economic development as a means of reducing poverty, thus eliminating a major source of anti-Americanism. However, the political stipulations attached to MEFTA have diminished the ability for its immediate creation. This paper shows that, instead, recent attention has been given to creating multiple, bilateral, free trade agreements, which will eventually agglomerate into MEFTA. Egypt has long been one of the closest Arab allies for the U.S. and is the most important political force in the Arab world. The paper explains that, without the creation of a bilateral free trade agreement with Egypt, the expansion of MEFTA is unlikely. That being said, creating a free trade agreement with Egypt is fraught with complications and equally endowed with opportunity. The issue remains contentious, yet practical, given the appropriate support. Most importantly, it offers an opportunity to redirect the course of Arab-American relations toward a more symbiotic course.

From the Paper
"The paradox of Egypt, being one of the world's oldest civilizations, having relations with the world's newest global power, the United States, offers an intriguing respite in the arena of international affairs. In recent years, many countries have made mutually beneficial trade a top priority of their foreign policy. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), the European Union (EU), the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and others have all proven both the merit and the inherent dangers of free trade. While the industrialized regions of the world have taken the lead and reaped the early benefits of extended free trade, many developing regions, notably the Middle East have been neglecting the opportunity. Now, with the proposition of a United States-Egypt Free Trade Act, supported by President Bush's plan for a Middle East Free Trade Area and the existing US-Egyptian Trade and Investment Framework Agreement as well as precedent-making Free Trade Acts with other Arab countries, the possibility for a significant change in the economic relationship between the United States and Egypt is at hand. Hence, taking into consideration the gravity of the current circumstances of international affairs in the region in addition to the economic implications, the United States and Egypt should pursue a free trade agreement with provisions to make it mutually beneficial as a mechanism of development and benevolence."

Tags:american, economic, terrorism, NAFTA