Abstract
In this paper, the writer looks at Jackie Robinson who was the first African American baseball player in the major leagues. The writer discusses that Jackie Robinson did not overcome the hatred of racial bigots all across America by sharing their love for baseball; he overcame their hatred by conducting himself as a disciple of Jesus Christ.

From the Paper
"Because of his moral courage, Jackie Robinson became a legend both on and off the baseball diamond. As the first African American baseball player in the major leagues, Robinson quietly confronted the pervasive racism infesting mid-twentieth century American society and culture with dignity and a fierce determination to suppress his combative nature. He understood that America's pastime was cherished with almost sacred reverence by tens of millions of Americans and demonstrated his own reverence and unquenchable passion for the game of baseball every time he stepped on to the playing field."

Tags:jackie, robinson, icon

Abstract
People react to discrimination in different ways. Some let it discourage them, some run away form it, and others hate it so much that they become bigots themselves. There are, however, positive ways of reacting to discrimination. Discrimination can motivate people to survive and become successful so that they can try to prevent it in the future. This paper explores works by Langston Hughes, Brent Staples, Richard Wright, and Alice Walker, authors of short stories concerning different African-American characters facing issues of race and discrimination. The paper shows that, by reading their stories, one gets a clear understanding that when faced with discrimination, it is best to keep a positive attitude rather than a negative one. In these stories, the characters that do keep a positive, more realistic attitude toward racial issues and discrimination tend to turn out more successful, mentally, than the characters that react to these issues negatively. Works analyzed include, "One Friday Morning" (Langston Hughes), "Black Men and Public Space" (Brent Staples), and "Everyday Use" by Alice Walker.

From the Paper
"Brent Staples' reaction to discrimination and racial profiling is what gives him a better attitude and outcome. In "Black Men and Public Space," Staples discusses how he is a victim of these every day. Walking down the street at night, white people, especially women, would quickly walk away form his direction. In subways, white people would sit nervously as if waiting for him to attack. Even merchants in retail stores would give mean glares when he entered their store. Staples describes feeling "surprised, embarrassed and dismayed, all at once." This sort of environment could quickly erode a person's spirit. In his situation, most would become angry and resentful. Staples, however, realizes that he cannot allow this to happen."

Tags:Nancy, Lee, heritage

Abstract
This paper debates whether the Puritans were narrow-minded, undemocratic bigots who had no conception of religious liberty. The author frames the issues in the words of a current prevailing viewpoint. and then presents information that will refute that viewpoint.

Abstract
The paper looks at how Jonathan Rauch, in his essay "In Defense of Prejudice," gives that view that we cannot and should not attempt to contain bigoted speech. Instead, the paper explains Rauch's view that we should allow ideas to compete freely since this is the only way in which we can have an intellectual advancement. The paper argues that in a pluralistic society we must accept that there will be unpopular ideas, and to attempt to regulate these ideas is "purism" and is doomed to failure.

From the Paper
""The genius of intellectual pluralism lies in not doing away with prejudices and dogmas but in channeling them-making them socially productive by pitting prejudice against prejudice and dogma against dogma, exposing all to withering public criticism. What survives at the end of the day is our base of knowledge." - Jonathan Rauch. In his essay "In Defense of Prejudice" Jonathan Rauch does not "defend" bigotry or hate speech, but makes the argument that instead of trying to eliminate it we must accept the existence of unpopular opinions as a necessary part of a free society. To have cultural "pluralism" we must..."

Tags:bigoted, prejudice, plauralism

Abstract
This paper discusses how readers know something important about Armand Aubigny's character by the third paragraph of Kate Chopin's short story "Desiree's Baby". The paper looks at how Aubigny is shown to be as cold as steel, a slave master and very racist, but also attempts to defend Aubigny's actions, claiming that he is a man from a culture where patriarchal and bigoted behavior is acceptable.

From the Paper
"Rather than embrace the child and reassure one's wife, the way an average man would likely do, Aubigny leaves Desiree and child alone and retreats into his dark world. He was so racist and hateful of any color of skin not his own, he felt that Desiree had brought shame and injury upon his family name. What kind of a man would fall in love so quickly, and then brutally dominate his pretty, soft, feminine wife (taking advantage of her sweetness in order to have a son so his name can be carried on), only to push her away when the child she bore for him did not live up to his expectations? The answer is Aubigny is a man from a culture where patriarchal and bigoted behavior is acceptable. Yes, contemptible to those with grace and loving personalities, but acceptable because for many individuals, that is just how life was in the south prior to the Civil War."

Tags:negroes, blacks, racism

Abstract
This paper explains that the United States government, its military personnel, diplomatic officials and other representatives have failed to prevent or speak out against attacks on gay and lesbian Iraqis because of political expediency. The author relates the ways in which the condition of Iraqi gay and lesbian citizens today is worse than under Saddam Hussein. The U.S. must recognize its responsibility and must work to protect the gay and lesbian citizens of Iraq, the paper argues, because human beings are not defined by their sexual identity.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background: The United States Invasion of Iraq and Humanitarian Claims and Responsibilities
The Invasion
Occupation: America's Duties and Responsibilities under International Law
To an "Independent" Iraq: Implicit American Support for Anti-Gay Order
The Full Horror of Occupation: Implicit American Support for a Bigoted Iraqi Regime
Catalog of Atrocities
American "Moral Lapses": Abu Ghraib and the Wider Problem of Violence in Iraq
American Neglect of Treaty Obligations and Its Failure as an Occupying Power
The American Failure to Lead by Example
Conditions on the Home Front
Implications for the American Occupation in Iraq
Conclusion

From the Paper
"American policies and attitudes further encourage the very same tendencies in the new Iraqi state. The military's "Don't Ask, Don't Tell," supplies Iraqi militiamen with just the excuses they need to continue to dehumanize their gay and lesbian compatriots. By forcing American service people into the shadows, the United States creates an atmosphere in Iraq that is conducive to the marginalization and destruction of gay men and women. "

Tags:fatwahs, shariah law, abu ghraib, political expediency, intervene

Abstract
The paper examines how the film "Twelve Angry Men" reflects a racist problem within the justice system, which did not provide an unbiased view of the crime committed. The paper relates that were it not for Juror 8, the result of the conviction of guilty would have been quick and bigoted. The paper discusses how in this film, the problem of the personal opinions on a subjective plane confuses and distorts the view of true justice.

From the Paper
"In this film study, the problem of ethnic bigotry and social intolerance within the American jury system will be discussed through the film: "Twelve Angry Men" (1957). By understanding the various reactions to the opinions of the people in the jury, one can realize that the Puerto Rican boy accused of the crime has already been condemned due to his racial status. In this manner, the jury system may not offer objective opinions as to how to try certain cases, especially in the case of an all white jury trying a boy of Latin American heritage. The general plot of the film: "Twelve Angry Men," directed by Sidney Lumet, is directed at the racial intolerance of a group of jurors that are picked to solve a crime that Puerto Rican boy has committed."

Tags:race, jury, social

Abstract
This paper discusses the lessons that can be learned on why political mass murder has occurred, how it can be prevented in the future, and an analysis of the history of western civilization since the 17th century.

From the paper:

"Mass murder like mass hysteria is a terrifying phenomenon to which the Western civilization has succumbed to all too easily in the bygone eras. As the term suggests, mass murder is the brutal killing of a massive population for a variety of reasons that can be either religious, moral and social or political, bigoted and racist in nature. Whatever the causes, mass murder remains one of those episodes in the history of Western civilization, which one would gladly like to forget. However not many measure up to the extermination of European Jews that occurred during the Second World War. This was a tragedy of insurmountable proportions and can be attributed to Hitler?s propagandist campaign that successfully mobilized the German masses, particularly the youth of the country. This incident better known as the Holocaust can be described as the extermination of European Jews by the Nazis during the years 1939-45."

Tags:mass, murder, history, lessons, Hitler, Holocaust

Abstract
Nick Adams is a man displaced in time. There is evidence throughout the Nick Adams stories that illustrate his character. As a young man, Nick seems to lose sight of the love of hunting and fishing instilled in him by his father, focusing on desires of a carnal nature. In the ?Three Day Blow?, Nick?s friend Bill congratulates him for breaking up with Marge, who is not nick?s social equal. Nick listens to his heart, not an antiquated, bigoted, macho social consciousness. Nick is always uneasy in confrontational situations. If not for Bug?s intervention in ?The Battler?, Ad Francis would surely have harmed Nick. On the European battlefields, Nick comes to realize his true nature. Nick has come to forgive his father, now dead, his shortcomings, as he is grateful to his father for instilling in him the love of gaming and fishing, which served as Nick?s salvation.

From the Paper
"Nick Adams is a man displaced in time. His stories (as written by Hemingway) are set in the late dawn of the Industrial Age, a time dominated by rugged individualists that spread across America, changing its face to suit them by consuming vast amounts of natural resources. Nick has all the tools necessary to thrive in this new era; he is a young, white male, an educated doctor's son, and set to make his own mark on the world. It took the fortuitous survival of his adventurism and wanderlust, plus a bout with madness, for Nick to come to terms with himself; to know that he could be happy living in balance with nature."

Tags:Nick, Adams, Ernest, Hemingway, short, stories, European, battlefields, character

Abstract
This paper looks at the tendency in the U.S. educational system to force non-mainstream cultures to conform to the established mainstream culture and how this is the primary means by which education contributes to the development and preservation of bigotry and prejudice. The paper also looks at how, if done properly, education can instead be used to help overcome racist, bigoted, and hate-inducing ideas in society and, actually, honor multiculturalism and diversity.

From the Paper
"The education system in the United States has a long history of ethnic segregation, both formal (adjudicated by law) and informal. It has been argued that segregated programs are based on the idea of de-culturizing the student, rather than incorporating the culture in question into the learning experience. This is done through a program designed to eliminate the native language and culture. For instance, there have been times when the education system has eliminated or simply ignored the laws concerning attendance, especially in the case of Mexican American farm workers' children who were needed to work in agriculture during planting and harvest seasons (Spring, 2003)."

Tags:discrimination, first, colonists, america, conquering, oppression, european, natives