Abstract
This paper discusses the beginning of the universe. It specifically examines the history, principles and concepts related to the Big Bang theory. The paper discusses one of the most important and ground-breaking discoveries linked to the Big Bang - cosmic radiation background. The paper also looks briefly at exactly what the Big Bang was and how it influenced the formation of galaxies, nebula and planets.

From the Paper
"However, as a consequence of the absorption and emission of radiation by molecules in the Earth's atmosphere, astronomers were unable to confirm that the entire spectrum of radiation was that of heat radiation. In 1989, this problem was overcome by NASA's Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite which managed to measure radiation above the Earth's atmosphere throughout the entire spectrum which confirmed that the universe was at one time much hotter, an indication that something spectacular had occurred along the lines of the Big Bang. Thus, all of these and other measurements related to cosmic background radiation brought about some solid conclusions about the structure of the known universe. For example, it was clear that the universe was expanding at approximately the same rate in all directions, and second, it appeared to be extremely well-ordered, meaning that this expansion was proceeding at the same rate in all directions (i.e., isotropic)."

Tags:planets, nebula, galaxies, radiation, astronomy, cosmology

Abstract
The Universe around us still contains many mysteries that are the subject of both our imagination and scientific research. One of the oldest questions is the question of creation. The currently accepted theory that addresses this problem is so called The Big Bang Theory. Even though there are still some skeptics regarding its validity, it is the hypothesis that has found solid evidence. This paper discusses the big bang theory, pioneered by George Gamow who based his ideas on the previous concept of exploding 'primeval atom.

Tags:bigbang, theuniverse, hawking

Abstract
This paper discusses how one of the most important questions posed by astronomers and cosmologists revolves around exactly how the universe was created and how the original view that that universe is infinite with no beginning and no end has shown to be inaccurate. The paper examines the conception of the Big Bang which has forced scientists to view the creation of the universe as a finite phenomenon, possessing a history and a beginning. In addition, the paper looks at exactly what the Big Bang was and how it influenced the formation of galaxies, nebula and planets.

From the Paper
"In the late 1970's, the study of the most elementary particles of matter became connected with the sciences of astronomy and cosmology, a good example being the "symbiotic relationship between cosmology and the study of elementary particle physics provided by the conjunction of high precision experiments" at the European Center for Nuclear Research in Geneva, Switzerland, and cosmological theories on nuclear reactions which occurred only seconds after the Big Bang (Sullivan 2004, p.167). These two approaches have revealed a myriad variety of an elemental particles known as neutrinos, "ghostly particles which interact so weakly with every other form of matter that they are extremely hard to detect," even though they pass through the bodies of every human being every single second (Sullivan 2004, p.168)."

Tags:neutrons, protons, galaxies, planets

Abstract
This paper discusses how the Big Bang theory is considered by many to be the most plausible model concerning creation and how modern educational institutions, especially from elementary school to undergraduate university level, continue to teach the Big Bang without question or qualification. It provides an overview of the physics of the theory and also looks at other theories, such as the Steady State theory, which have departed form the original model.

From the Paper
"From the beginning of the recording of human consciousness, man has looked up to the skies of heaven and pondered the creation of the universe. The earliest recorded writings on the subject addressed the universe, and its nature, from the most basic origins. These writings included the questions of whether a "higher power/omniscient being" was responsible for its creation, if the universe was based on a singular "event" that resulted in its evolution, to the most basic, and seemingly logical idea (to many ancient sources, anyway) that the universe was simply infinite, uncreated, and forever unchanging."

Tags:cosmos, space, hubble, steady, state

Abstract
This paper examines the Big Bang theory, and how the planet Earth is thought to have come about. The author discusses how if life on Earth was created via the Big Bang, could not humans expect to find intelligent life elsewhere in the universe, created in the same manner? The paper looks at whether humans have the technology to discover possible extraterrestrial life.

From the Paper
"Should we as humans expect to find intelligent life elsewhere in the universe? There are many reasons for and against this concept, but first we should trace just how our terrestrial life started. The beginning of time and the universe began with the Big Bang. This was an explosion that started the expansion of the universe. In the most basic sense, the standard model is simply the idea that every bit of the matter and energy in the universe was once compressed to an unimaginable density. In the big bang, the material exploded outward into the formation of matter that we see today."

Tags:molecules, density, fusion, extraterrestrial, mass, technology, evolution

Abstract
The writer gives a background of the Big Bang Theory and explores the theory as an explanation of the beginning of the universe. However, since the 1940s and the introduction of this theory, scientists have raised questions as to the validity of the explanation and continue to research other ways in which the universe might have been created. The paper traces some of this research.

From the Paper
"One such area of research has been the model for the expansion of the universe and so for the Big Bang. One theory offered to explain this is the inflationary model, and over the last two decades what has happened to this model shows some of the ways scientific truth is pursued and fine-tuned. Alan Guth developed the idea in 1979 and wrote it in his notebook. Inflation was the name for the mechanism Guth proposed for igniting cosmic expansion and which might have operated for as little as 10-35 seconds. Still, it would have whipped up all the matter and energy in the universe and laid the seeds for galaxies and galaxy clusters in that brief time, and in that time the universe would have blossomed exponentially from as small as 10-24 centimeters across to perhaps the size of a pumpkin. Michael Turner of the University of Chicago describes inflation as "the most important idea in cosmology since that of the big bang itself.""

Tags:universe, creation, science, astronomy, research

Abstract
The paper discusses how Einstein's theories revolutionized cosmological science, adding to the research of Russian and Belgian scientists, eventually ending up in the recent theories of Steven Hawking. The paper also includes some information about current and future space probes to learn more about the universe's origins.

From the Paper
"Long before there were airplanes or rockets, or even automobiles, Man had dreamed about outer space. Perhaps one of those who wrote about it was Jules Verne in the 19th century. Of course, astronomy was an ancient science, dating back to the Egyptians. And it was Galileo who was among the first to discover that the earth revolved around the sun, and not the other way around. Man had a natural curiosity of not just who we are and where we came from, but how it all began. What has prompted the beginnings and evolution of cosmology, however, has not been just looking into the sky, but trying to determine just what the universe consists of. From the..."

Tags:big bang, nasa, cosmos

Abstract
This paper dicusses the historical origin, the theorized expansion of the universe, and the nature of strings and string behavior.

Abstract
The paper shows the scientific progression of the creation of earth from tiny particles through to the earth we know today. The paper explains that, once enough atoms gathered together, stars were formed. The writer explains that our earth was the result of the explosion of a star which was too small to sustain the thermo nuclear reactions, so it eventually cooled and became a solid mass. The paper describes two theories of how DNA was created. The writer concludes that the seeds of life, containing DNA, from which all living creatures on earth grew, came from outer space.

From the Paper
"How life originated is one of the most debated and most sought after question. Life as we know it requires water and, until one billion years ago, the earth was too hot to sustain liquid water, so we know that life on Earth must have formed within the last one billion years. There is evidence that shows that the oldest life we can detect occurred 500 million years ago. "We now understand that all life on Earth contains DNA, which is a long complex carbon-based strand consisting of billions of molecules. Every plant and animal on Earth has DNA. This DNA contains the instructions of how to grow and replicate itself, thereby creating more life. A single strand of DNA is unbelievably complicated, even in the smallest organisms. How is it possible that such a complicated thing was created in the short span of only one billion years? "According to the "Big Bang" theory, who maintain the belief that life on Earth was created in some primordial soup. Somehow a soup formed consisting of water, carbon and other elements and by chance eventually some of these elements came together in a form, which reproduced itself. The key feature of life it is that is able to create a duplicate of itself. The problem that scientists have faced with this theory is that they have never been able to replicate this primordial soup."

Tags:dna, stars, sun, atoms

From the Paper
"Background
The Big Bang Theory is an explanation for the beginning of the universe. The universe today is expanding, as can be seen in the way all matter is moving outward. Tracing this movement back through time takes all matter to a single point, leading to the view that at one time all matter was concentrated in a singularity which for some unknown reason exploded, throwing all material now seen in the universe outward from that central point. There are various corollaries to this theory, such as the issue of whether the expanding universe will continue to expand forever or will eventually reach an end point and fall back on itself. There are also various consequences of the Big Bang which can be used to determine if the theory has validity. A number of researchers have examined aspects of the Big Bang theory and developed ideas..."