From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to examine and analyze the uses of mathematics in bilingual/bicultural environments, with specific applications as well as in specific communities.

Because of the Supreme Court decision (1974 Lau vs. Nichols) bilingual education is now mandatory (McNichols 111-15). Mathematics is an ever present, recurring part of daily life. This provides an excellent opportunity for the inclusion of bilingual/bicultural aspects in mathematics.

Because of this decision it now becomes essential to train bilingual teachers in all academic subjects and at all academic levels, including preschool. The states of California, New Mexico, Florida, Pennsylvania, Alaska, Arizona, Illinois, New York, Maine, Connecticut, and Colorado are "working toward ... "

From the Paper
"Bicultural/Bilingual Education for the Special Education Student


Introduction
The 1980 Census (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1984) reports that 79 million school-age children are non-native English speakers; of these, 12 percent or approximately 948,000 children are also believed to have special education needs. Bilingual/Bicultural Special Education (individually designed special education programs which use the home language and culture of students as instructional foundation) is designed to meet the needs of these students.


The purpose of this report is to describe the contemporary status of Bicultural/Bilingual education for the special education student in America. To this end, the report reviews six areas of pertinent research related to the bilingual special..."

Abstract
The paper talks about the bicultural experience of immigrant assimilation into American culture. It gives common place examples of how to use cultural examples in the ESL classroom to help in the learning of the English language. The paper gives examples ranging from food to nursery rhymes to Western-style toilets. The paper concludes by restating that bicultural assimilation must have minimal conflict in order to be effective.

From the Paper
"Culture in the classroom goes hand in hand with teaching a language. Within the scope of culture students learn the little everyday events that parallel their own lives. In an ESL classroom having the student relate to the subject matter is what will bring the greatest success to the student. The student will learn the language faster and better if they also learn how Americans put their children to bed (nursery rhymes and stories), human relationships (gender roles), the differences in food preparation and ordering of food and social etiquette and the meaning of body language..."

Tags:bicultural, assimilate, conflict

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the CALLA Handbook by Chamot and O'Malley and "Making a Difference in the Lives of Bilingual/Bicultural Children", edited by Soto, both promote better and more comprehensive teaching for students whose first language is different than that of their instructional language in school. The writer maintains that frequently the American school system has failed these children by not providing the services they need or by teaching in a way that makes the children abandon their first language or culture. The writer discusses that through applying the material in the CALLA Handbook and from the Soto book, teachers can create a more positive and effective learning environment for their English Language Learner students.

Outline:
Abstract
Soto and CALLA
Evaluating Soto/CALLA Ideas to Work Experience

From the Paper
"Soto challenges curriculum and teacher preparation courses and how effectively they prepare teachers for working with students who are culturally different from the majority of white teachers. It seems that CALLA was a direct answer to that challenge. CALLA strives to serve English Language Learners while also helping them maintain their own cultural identities. The original concept of CALLA came from long research into second language and ESL education programs already in existence; they built on what was working in those programs and modified parts that were not working and changed them for the better. CALLA provides many strategies for many different learning types; all of which help support English Language Learners in the classroom."

Tags:special, education, multiculturalism, education, ESL, EFL

Abstract
This paper provides a power analysis of American culture from the perspective of Korean-American and African-American bicultural communities in Los Angeles. Theu author points out the multicultural power organizations in university settings.

From the Paper
"The purpose of this research is to discuss aspects of personnel management with regards to both public and private employers in the international sector. Since the field of personnel management is so broad, the research will discuss aspects of personnel which are of special concern to international agencies and employers. Among these will include: biculturalism, establishment of wage and benefit levels, problems of adjustment, political considerations and management attitudes.

In order to discuss the special aspects of personnel management in the international sector, a brief overview of personnel practices in U.S. corporations is presented as follows.

Selection Process: Within major U.S. corporations, the personnel function is a centralized one. Even in a company which espouses decentralized management, such as IBM, centralizes the ... "

From the Paper
" LEGAL LIABILITIES OF SCHOOL ADMINISTRATORS
This research paper deals with the legal liabilities of school administrators, primarily school board superintendents, principals and assistant principals to third parties. The emphasis is on the public schools through grade K-12. Traditionally, school board administrators were largely insulated under state law from liability. Since the 1970s, the liability exposure of school districts, school administrators and teachers has exponentially expanded. Largely due to the effects of various forms of federal intervention in the public schools and the creation and enforcement of private federal causes of action against them, the task of school administration has become highly legally intensive and the relationship between public school officials and students and parents has become much more.."

Abstract
The paper relates that Locke's Increasing Multicultural Understanding rests on a premise that, if questioned or complicated by analysis, undermines the author's purpose. The paper explains that this premise is that cultural group membership is discrete-an instance of either/or, us/them thinking that seems instantly quaint in the post-Obama era. The paper points out that Locke tips his hat to the idea of biculturalism, particularly in his discussion of African-Americans. The paper discusses how he cites (23-24), with seeming approval, a number of sociological findings that black people in America maintain two roles: the black role and the white role, with each distinguished by particular patterns of behavior.

From the Paper
"This paper consists of an interview with a member of a minority population mentioned in Locke, a discussion of the findings, and a log of my responses. Locke's Increasing Multicultural Understanding rests on a premise that, if questioned or complicated by analysis, undermines the author's purpose. This premise is that cultural group membership is discrete--an instance of either/or, us/them thinking that seems instantly quaint in the post-Obama era."

Tags:multiculturalism, bicultural, race

Abstract
The Expo 67 Fair was celebrated in Canada's Centennial year and became a symbol of Canadian bilingualism, biculturalism (recently introduced federal policies) and unity. This widely accepted image does not accord with developments in Canadian culture and society in the subsequent decade.

Abstract
This paper examines the complex nature of treatment of alcohol dependence. The paper explores what supports an empirically based intervention and the factors that impact on the interpretation of the evidence for an intervention. Cognitive behavioral therapy is discussed in relation to the treatment of alcoholism and its strengths and considerations are described. The New Zealand context of the factors impacting on the treatment of alcoholism is reviewed and related to known programs concerning the intervention of cognitive behavioral therapy.

Outline
Introduction
What Makes an Empirically Supported Intervention?
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
The New Zealand Context of Interventions of Alcoholism
Areas of Knowledge Requiring Further Research
Conclusions

From the Paper
"Alcohol closely followed by cannabis is the main drug of abuse in New Zealand with, to a much lesser degree, hallucinogens, stimulants, and opioids. (Huriwai 2002) Interventions utilized in the treatment of alcoholism are diverse and well documented in the literature. Several studies have explored the success and comparison of these interventions. A theme within the literature is the complexity of researching interventions in the area of mental health and alcohol and other drug use. Evidence based medicine is considered the goal of health research. It is through this research that health professionals seek to make decisions about the care provided for the consumer of health services. (Williams and Garner 2002) It can clearly be seen from the literature that for an intervention to be considered empirically supported it would require more than a single or limited group of studies. (Harari 2001)"

Tags:bicultural, evidence, therapy