Abstract
This paper examines women portrayed in the New Testament, the Torah, and the Quran, as well as their contrasting portrayals of women's roles in each of the respective texts. Among the women examined in this essay, are the Virgin Mary, Anna, Mary Magdalene, Priscilla, the wife of Aquila, Eve, Delilah, and Jezebel.

From the Paper
"There are a number of women in the New Testament of the Bible that preached the message of Jesus and paved the way to a better position and treatment of women in Christian society. Many of these women proved that they were up to the task of living up to the challenges of their day. Without question, the best known and adored female Biblical figure is the Virgin Mary, Jesus' mortal mother. In fact, no woman in the history of the world has been lifted to the level of reverence as the Virgin Mary."

Tags:western religion, christianity, the bible, women, the virgin mary, the torah

Abstract
The paper discusses how Mill did not believe that a rights-based justification for the liberation of women from legal and socio-political constraints was necessary; instead, he focused upon the sheer utilitarianism of allowing women full equality with men. The paper explains that by subjecting women, our society denies itself the full optimization of its human resources; we are, in effect, deprived of the special talents of countless women who could make our society a stronger and more productive one (Mill, 28-29). As this writer interprets Mill's basic argument, giving women true equality will secure the greatest good for the greatest number by unleashing the full talents of all.

From the Paper
"Mill did not believe that a rights-based justification for the liberation of women from legal and socio-political constraints was necessary; instead, he focused upon the sheer utilitarianism of allowing women full equality with men. To put it simply, by subjecting women our society denies itself the full optimization of its human resources; we are, in effect, deprived of the special talents of countless women who could make our society a stronger and more productive one (Mill, 28-29). As this writer interprets Mill's basic argument, giving women true equality will secure the greatest good for the greatest number by unleashing the full..."

Tags:utilitarian, philosophy, emancipation

Abstract
This paper relates that the passage of time has made it almost impossible to understand what role ancient Israeli women actually played in the Bible. However, the author relates that, by combining Biblical sources with archeology, sociology and other sciences, a better picture of the life of women in ancient Israel can be projected, which helps illuminate the role of women in the modern church. The paper presents examples from Carole Meyers' "Discovering Eve: Ancient Israelite Women in Context", which concludes that ancient Israeli housewives were involved actively in subsistence and contributions to the family's economy; on the other hand, much of Christian tradition has been concerned with relegating women to the domestic sphere, basing that separation on Biblical tradition.

From the Paper
"The emphasis on reproduction continues to be an interesting aspect of the modern church's approach to gender roles. In many denominations that self-identify as Christian, birth control is discouraged, if not prohibited. Catholics prohibit birth control, Mormons tout the virtue of the large family, and most denominations discourage sexual activity outside of marriage or for any type of self-gratification. To encourage fecundity, many Christians point to a reference in the Bible discussing the spilling of seed upon the ground, ignoring the fact that the context of that passage was concerned with the fulfillment of a Levirate obligation, rather than with normal sexual relations."

Tags:bible, patriarchal hierarchy, agrarian, power relationships, reproduction

Abstract
The paper discusses the place of Israelite women in ancient days, her status and economic roles. The author states that the Israelite women could have been better, more productive citizens had their status and their environment been more favorable towards them. The author continues that understanding the role of Israelite women in ancient times has a significance place in understanding women in the modern world. She illustrates this by discussing the lives of Jewish women in the coal field economy and in the modern practices in Judaism.

From the Paper
"In the masterpiece by Adler, "Engendering Judaism", the author skillfully explains the hardships faced by Israelite women and the obstacles that the Jewish feminists have had to overcome: "Jewish law needed to be reconstructed to eliminate the ancient premise that women are subordinate to men, yet at the same time maintain the law. For without law there is no means to translate the stories and values of Judaism into action" (Jones et al, 58) . Hence taking into account the author's opinion as well as what the biblical law stated above, it is evident that Israeli women were considered not only subordinate to Israeli men due to lack of women rights awareness and inaccurate interpretation of the Hebrew biblical context, it was strict adherence to the rituals, the olden day's traditional laws and socio-economic rules that led to Israelite women's submissive attitude towards their male counterparts for rituals play a pivotal role in shaping our concepts, attitudes, emotions, behavior and social status. For "a ritual is a spiritual ballet", it captures in symbols the emotions that go with an important life transition. "

Tags:hebrew, bible, testament, status, roles, coal, field, economy, male, female, jewish, feminists, synagogue, inequality, legal, rights, communal, appalachia

Abstract
In this essay, the place of women in the global city is discussed. The writer looks at the changing role of women as globalization evolves. The writer also examines how women need to become involved to demand their rights. The issues of emancipation, rape and decision making are also raised and discussed in this paper.

From the Paper
"Women's place in the global city has come about primarily because of the reproductive role of women which is seen as more than just reproducing the species but also the reproduction of the culture styles of dress behaviors, relations between adults and children, family cooking styles, domestic labor, roles play, etc. People refer to their homeland as Mother Russia, Mother Ireland and even the whole planet is referred to as Mother Earth. The fertility of Mother Earth has no doubt contributed to the association between collective ... "

Tags:women, in, global, city

Abstract
The paper discusses how many African American women engaged in social and political activism during the Emancipation and Reconstruction eras of the 19th century, but unfortunately, their efforts have been largely ignored by historians. The paper argues that a comprehensive and historically accurate narrative of African American history would record that thousands of African American women spoke out publicly for social justice on behalf of themselves, their families and their race at this time with great courage and dedication, even though contemporary attitudes about gender roles and racial issues were a tremendous obstacle and impeded their efforts.

From the Paper
"Many African American women engaged in social and political activism during the Emancipation and Reconstruction eras of the 19th century, but unfortunately, their efforts have been largely ignored by historians. A comprehensive and historically accurate narrative of African American history would record that thousands of African American women spoke out publicly for social justice on behalf of themselves, their families and..."

Tags:african, american, women

Abstract
This paper explains serfdom in Russia and Alexander II's Emancipation as some nobles welcomed and others rejected it for a range of reasons. The paper discusses how most members of the nobility knew Russia must modernize and industrialise as required doing away with an archaic institution; others shared Alexander II's view that unless the serfs were freed they could come to free themselves. The paper provides comments on a most varied Russian nobility of 14 different tiers and the nature of Russian land tenure.

From the Paper
"Tsar Alexander II's emancipation of Russia's millions of serfs in 1861 had different effects upon Russian landlords. This paper explains that members of the nobility did favour the reforms and knew their day of life in the countryside directing a serf labour force were gone, that the Russian nobility had to determine new roles. More notice has tended to be made of nobles who Resented emancipation, as in absentee landlords who lived on estate incomes that depended upon free labour. To free the serfs meant some changing around of wealth and classes of landlords, according to..."

Tags:alexander ii, emancipation, serfs

Abstract
The role of women in church as laid out by the Apostle Paul has always been controversial. There are those who say that Paul hated women and created restrictive, secondary roles for them in the church because of it. Others, however, maintain that Paul loved women and that the roles he created for them in the Christian church were very liberating for them. Still others acknowledge that the roles for women that Paul created for the Christian church are somewhat restrictive and secondary, but say that this is because of the status of women in society at that time, not because Paul hated women. The role of women in the Christian church as ordered by Paul continues to be controversial and a matter of scholarly interpretation and study today. This paper takes a look at the role of women in the Christian church as ordered by the Apostle Paul.

From the Paper
"Probably the passage in the Bible referred to most frequently when citing how Paul hated women is the passage in 1 Corinthians, Chapter 14 which states that women must be silent in the church. This passage also states that Paul will not allow a woman to teach in church, as man was put on earth to be the head of the woman. This passage has raised the ire of more than one feminist, and is frequently pointed to as positive proof that Paul had no use for women. It certainly seems that way on just a cursory glance. Paul wants women in church to be silent. This is almost akin to saying that women should be seen and not heard, much like the old saying about children. One gets the impression that whatever women might have to say, Paul did not think it was important".

Tags:bible, scriptures, jesus, groothuis

Abstract
This paper argues that one of the major facing the Christian church today is the question of the involvement of women in the leadership and ministry of the church. The author thoroughly analyzes each chapter of Dr. Houses' book which questions the absence of women in leadership roles within the Christian church.
Outline:
Chapter 1: Starting a Discussion
Chapter 2: One Complimentarian Position
Chapter 3: One Egalitarian Position
Chapter 4: Conclusions of Women in Ministry
The Old Testament's Story
Jesus' story
Paul's story
Women in Ministry Today
Chapter 5: Final Thoughts

From the Paper
"For all followers of Jesus, and for all churches who try to follow Him as closely as possible, there are core beliefs. Those core beliefs center upon the identity and work of Jesus Christ. Therefore, the role of women in ministry today should never be a core belief of the church. A local church or denomination should never elevate this issue so that it becomes the core and fundamental belief of the group. This issue is one of practice and should not become the mantra or anthem of the church. With that said the issue of whether or not women can lead and in what capacity is an inescapable issue for every local congregation. Since this issue affects the functioning of a group, it is impossible to remain neutral. In their practice every group has decided what they believe. If a church allows women to lead in a variety of capacities then their beliefs are demonstrated through their practice. However, if a church chooses to prohibit women from specific leadership roles, then their beliefs are demonstrated by how the church functions. This issue is generally recognized as simply as a church's staff and the titles of that staff. Some churches claim a position of neutrality on this position, but that is truly impossible with this subject. Every congregation, every denomination, every church leader demonstrates their beliefs on this issue through the way in which ministry is done.
"Since this decision dramatically affects how a congregation functions, one must take a careful look at this issue. Furthermore, this topic can cause immense pain and affects how women are able to use the gifts God has given them. With that in mind, there are a variety of options of how to practically live out this matter. There are two titles that will help in talking about the issue of women in ministry. One position is the egalitarian position. Egalitarians assert that women should be allowed to minister in any capacity in which they are gifted. They believe that there are no restraints placed upon them from the Bible. Practically, this means that egalitarians believe that women are able to preach, teach, pastor, shepherd, and be elders. However, the other side would disagree, arguing that there are Biblical mandates that prohibit women from ministering in those positions. Complementarians believe that women are not supposed to function in specific leadership responsibilities in the church, but were created by God to compliment men. Most complementarians believe that women are of equal value and equally created in the image of God, but that women were created to be subordinate to men in function as it pertains to the leadership of a community of believers. There are many varying complementarian views concerning the application of this belief. Some complementarians do not allow women any form of leadership role in the church--this means that they cannot lead small groups that contain both men and women, cannot teach youth or men, cannot preach, cannot lead worship, cannot be an elder, and many other leadership positions. However, there are other complementarians that believe that women can do anything in ministry as long as they are under male headship--usually this means that they cannot preach, pastor, or be an elder. Complementarians and egalitarians alike are trying to follow God as best as they can, but what does the Bible say about women in ministry? What should local churches, denominations, and church leaders do about permitting or prohibiting women in ministry?".

Tags:woman institutionalization egalitarian bible christ churches complementarians, female leader

Abstract
This paper compares the treatment of women in the West with the treatment of women from the Middle East. The writer states that while there are many different types of women in the Middle East, for the purposes of this essay, the analysis makes some generalizations of a religious axis upon which to base the study of the treatment of women in the Middle East. Namely, the treatment of Middle Eastern women following Islam, and those following Judaism, are compared with the women of the West.

From the Paper
"In the Islam tradition, the view of women is no different to the view held of men; they are both here on Earth, as God's wishes, and their goal is to worship their God, do righteous works, and to avoid evil. If they follow these guidelines, as laid out in the Quran, they will both be judged equally and accordingly in the eyes of God. Indeed, special treatment is given to people who give birth to daughters, as the Quran says "He who is involved in bringing up daughters, and accords benevolent treatment towards them, they will be protection for him against Hell-fire". This, and other quotes like this from the Quran, show just how open Islam is to the idea of the preciousness and importance of women's place in society."

Tags:islam, jewish, judaism, quran, bible, torah, feminism, equal, rights, mother, daughter, religion