Abstract
In many facets of life particularly in the justice system people are called upon to assess the likelihood of events and their complements. Probability theory assumes that belief ordering over events and their complements should mirror each other. This paper examines how, in court cases, it often doesn't happen exactly this way, particularly when people are asked to retrieve information about familiar and unfamiliar events. This is known as the familiarity bias, a common component of eyewitness recall. This paper examines familiarity bias and what it means for eyewitness recall.

Tags:psychology, experiment, memory

Abstract
In this article, the writer notes that the perceptual biases in the cases of 'Affirmative Action at the University of Selkirk' and 'Portrait of a Canadian Advisor' are different in that the contexts are radically distinct. Further, the writer points out that they are similar in that the perceptual biases in both cases are based heavily upon stereotypes. The writer concludes that in this analysis, one can see how and why the Selkirk and Canadian advisors' cases differ significantly. The writer notes the implications of this for programs to address biases in both contexts.

From the Paper
"A similar perceptual bias based upon stereotypes can be seen in the case of the Canadian advisors. The difference between the biases in this case and the Selkirk case is largely one of context, with the biases being racially/culturally-based with respect to the Canadian advisors while they are gender-based in the case of Affirmative Action at Selkirk."
"This being said, the interesting thing about the Canadian advisor case is how it is similar to the Selkirk case in being not an obvious or overt stereotyping but a more complex and subtle form of bias. The Canadian advisor case consists of two distinct models of the Canadian advisor: one based upon surveys of the advisors themselves and the other based upon field surveys of advisors from their spouses and colleagues. A key difference between these two models illustrates the perceptual biases that these advisors show towards the host countries in which they work."

Tags:stereotypes, affirmative, action, bias

Abstract
The paper addresses how the commitment to equity means a commitment to social justice and this includes a commitment to removing established barriers and biases in school policies, programs, and practices so that the intended learning outcomes may be achieved by students of all societal groups, including those that have been traditionally disadvantaged. The paper evaluates strategies for the eradication of such biases within the education system.

From the Paper
"Commitment to equity means a commitment to social justice. This includes a commitment to removing established barriers and biases in school policies, programs, and practices so that the intended learning outcomes may be achieved by students of all societal groups, including those that have been traditionally disadvantaged. (Ontario Ministry of Education Curriculum Document 1993, cited in Varpalotai, 1995, p. 242) Discuss the above statement in relation to traditionally disadvantaged groups within the education system and the "established barriers and biases" that exist for these groups. Critically evaluate strategies for the eradication of such biases, and for establishing recognition of..."

Tags:equity, education, strategies

Abstract
The paper examines the problem of racial bias, gender bias, juveniles and capital punishment and the link between poverty and the death penalty. The paper contends that overall, the death penalty may be a necessary evil in our society, however, until we can be one hundred percent sure it is meted out fairly, a moratorium on the act may be in order.

Outline:
Introduction
Racial Bias and Capital Punishment
Gender as a Factor in Death Penalty Sentencing
Capital Punishment and Juveniles
Poverty and the Death Penalty
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Capital punishment has been administered and accepted in this country for over 200 years, however, some states have now abolished the practice, while others continue with sanctioned executions. In 2000, Governor George Ryan of Illinois suspended executions in that state and "commuted the death sentences of all Illinois death row inmates in 2003" (Wolfers 791). Following Ryan's lead, in 2004, New York's highest court ruled that the state's death penalty statute was unconstitutional. Although prisoners still sit on California's death row, executions in that state are virtually nonexistent, however, executions in Texas continue at an even pace (791). "

Tags:race, gender, juveniles, poverty

Abstract
This brief paper argues that 'The Tempest's' Caliban, the unhappy and unfortunate son of the witch, Sycorax, and Elphaba in the musical, 'Wicked', are both misunderstood and mistreated and suffer unjustly because of other people's prejudices against them. Specifically, the writer maintains that both characters are not innately evil, but become evil because of the environment in which they find themselves; they are not 'monsters' but, instead, are people who have been victimized again and again.

From the Paper
"More significantly, their pain is aggravated by the fact that they do not have physically attractive features; as a result, they are further distanced from others. In the final analysis, both Caliban and Elphaba become unpleasant things because, wittingly or not, they conform to other people's perceptions of them and sink down into misery because of the manner in which they have been abused."

Tags:wicked, bias

From the Paper
" Under the rubric of biological determinism, there has been a long, and rather arduous, tradition that argues that social and economic roles in society accurately reflect the innate construction of people. This type of determinism holds that intelligence may be racially biased, and although psychologists have come a long way from the days of scientifically "proving" that certain races were of superior intelligence to others, many believe that there is still a contemporary bias in the testing and presentation of research materials on ethnic cultures and families (Gould, 1981). This has particularly become endemic in the ranking and reification of intelligence testing. Following this, it is natural to quantify certain aspects of testing, so that some groups are superior, and others inferior. In an early comment, the famous Black orator Booker T. Washington commented.."

Abstract
The writer of this paper examines his own feelings about the way that history was taught in school after reading this book by Loewen. The paper is written in first person and makes reference to common misconceptions in American history which were made known to the writer by reading "Lies My Teacher Told Me".

From the Paper
"How could my teacher lie to me? What could this author possible mean? One could truly be unpleasantly surprised while reading Lies My Teacher Told Me. Normally, history books have not held my attention, but this book has kept me reading with eyes wide open. I probably learned more from this book than I have from any other history classes or textbooks. As Loewen discusses heroification, Christopher Columbus, and the American Indians, a theme becomes evident with history. The "good" side of history has always been presented to students while the "bad" side of history seems to have been pushed aside. "

Tags:history, history, school, education, american, truth

From the Paper
"The purpose of this paper is to look at the extent and impact of various social, cultural and ethnic differences on the perceived cognitive abilities of the school-aged child. The paper looks at the beliefs that teachers and student teachers hold before they enter the classroom. It looks at the power that these beliefs have on the teacher's ability to teach children of diverse cultural, social and ethnic backgrounds. It also considers the options that are available for teaching students of varying backgrounds and how to implement them.

In 1987, the number of teachers of color decreased as the number of students of color increased (Perkins, as cited in Kailin, 1994, p. 170). This trend is expected to continue until the percentage of African American teachers drops to as low as 5 percent by the year 2000 (Perkins, as cited in Kailin, 1994, p..."

Abstract
This is a paper on two women artists during the Victorian Period, Mary Cassatt and Berthe Morisot and three paintings that were created in the late 19th century. It illustrates the way in which each painting reflected the gender biases of its time while also seeking to undercut those biases by placing an emphasis on the intellectual ability and curiosity of women as well as their desire to make independent lives of themselves in a male-dominated profession.

From the Paper
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Tags:impressionism, women, art

Abstract
This paper is about evaluating the personalities of others. Our judgments of others can be wrong because of biases in how we perceive other people. A bias is "any consistent manner of perception or interpretation that does not reflect the objective information or a purely logical analysis of it" (Gray, 1999, pp. 519-520). These biases are of three main types: not using our full resources for perception, not having complete information, or having certain motives that lead us into false judgments.