Abstract
This paper examines bias in the media. The paper investigates media ownership, the content of news and entertainment broadcasts, and the relationship between media influence and public opinion, in order to assess the extent of the ideological bias in the media. The paper then analyzes which factors have contributed to media bias in the United States and its effects.

From the Paper
"Ideological Bias in the Media: An Analysis Accurately assessing the extent of ideological bias in the media requires investigating media ownership, the content of news and entertainment broadcasts, and the relationship between media influence and public opinion. In recent years, corporate media conglomeration, deregulation, and declining journalistic standards have significantly increased ideological media bias in the United States, which has had a devastating effect on participatory democracy. Media ownership is more concentrated than ever before and serious coverage and debate of public issues such as war, taxes, corporate crime, education, political corruption, and pollution is disappearing right before our eyes."

Tags:bias, in, media

Abstract
In this article, the writer explores the issue of media bias in Newsweek magazine and the Washington Post newspaper. The writer focuses on two different articles on the same media event. The writer then discusses how both Newsweek and the Washington Post reflect bias based on the quotations chosen for the story.

From the Paper
"The United States has long prided itself on having a free press. The journalism field conversely has long purported to be non partisan and fair in its reporting practices. However, close analysis of media outlets often reveals bias in the way certain topics are handled. Reporters are human and often their particular bias creeps into their story and is not eliminated by the editorial staff. This paper will analyze two articles by different media outlets on the same political event and demonstrate liberal and conservative biases in the reporting ... "

Tags:bias, media, politics, mayor

Abstract
This paper examines the problems associated with researcher bias when the history of religion is studied at an academic level. The author further explores how religion is studied within a Western academic paradigm and its implications for understanding non-Western cultures. Islam is used as an example of a subject that may require a new approach. The author concludes that minimizing bias therefore remains a core challenge for the historian of religion. To achieve this, historians must exercise responsible scholarship by clearly defining terms at the outset of their research, adopting a lexicon and semantic framework relevant for the study, and by acknowledging and expressing the ideological standpoint from which the research is conducted.

From the Paper
"Tapper (1995) points out that the anthropology of Islam presumes a Western perspective, rooted in an "application of the methods of cultural/social anthropology to the study of Islam as a world religion," (p. 185). Breaking down this statement makes apparent the challenges to the historian of religion. The history of religion or of any particular religion, like the anthropology of religion, attempts to be scientific in its approach in order to be accepted into the canon of Western academic literature. Thus, the "application of the methods of cultural/social anthropology" infers the application of accepted methodologies, which may include participant/observation in the field of anthropology as Tapper (1995) points out. Historians' methods differ, favoring instead the examination of artifacts or explication of validated primary source texts. Already the historian of religion has a problem, for what constitutes an "artifact" or a "primary source" depends on several intervening factors. Interpretation of historical texts can be especially problematic because not all texts can or should be taken literally; many of the allegories or metaphors within them have lost their original meaning over time; and linguistic or cultural barriers may prevent a complete understanding of the value, import, or impact of those texts on the people under scrutiny. Varisco's (1995) exploration of the tribal lineage of Muhammad emphasizes the importance of adopting the frame of reference most conducive to unbiased understanding. The term "tribe" connotes different things for Muslim and non-Muslim people, and the only way to effectively understand Muslim social structure is to grapple with the Muslim meaning of tribe."

Tags:history, of, religion, Islam, anthropology, bias, religious, studies

Abstract
This paper explores the myriad of ways in which media bias in the United States and the United Kingdom can affect the manner in which specific news events are conveyed. The author uses the Israeli fence as an example of this bias, with news stories from the US and UK cited throughout.

From the Paper
"The oft-cited special relationship that exists between the United States and the United Kingdom infers an ideological common bond, a cultural cohesiveness and a political partnership that is supposed to transcend petty misunderstandings and trans-Atlantic ..."

Tags:Israel, Palestine, Media, bias, fence, unilateral disengagement, jewish state, Sharon, Arafat

Abstract
Laws are established according to the prevailing norms and customs existing in society. Thus, the law is merely a codified edict of social conformity. However, when building consensus, there is rarely, if ever, unanimous decision-making. Bias is always prevalent. Even though every citizen is equal before the law, not every citizen may be judged equally before the law. This paper illustrates this principle by using the death penalty as an example, and showing that it is racially biased and disproportionately handed down in cases involving racial minorities. It shows this through the use of statistics and by illustrating factors that lead to the discrepancy between the proportion of minorities in the population and the proportion of minorities sentenced to death in the judicial system.

From the Paper
"Since its inception, the death penalty has encountered constant opposition, and has been embroiled in court cases challenging its constitutionality. Opponents of the death penalty challenge it under the eighth amendment of the constitution, which prohibits cruel and unusual punishment. One of these most notable cases is that of Furman v. Georgia (1972). In this case, Justice Marshall, who wrote the majority opinion, explored the roots and different facets of the death penalty, and ultimately "arrived at the conclusion that the death penalty violates the Eighth Amendment..." (Furman v. Georgia, 1972). One key point of evidence was his contention that the death penalty is discriminative, and in presenting supporting evidence, he believed "that the following facts would serve even the most hesitant of citizens to condemn death as a sanction..." (Furman v. Georgia, 1972). He states that out of 3,859 people who have been executed since 1930, 1,751 were white, and 2,066 were black. 3,334 of the executions were for murder, of which 1,664 were white, and 1,630 were black."

Tags:bias, death, law, legal, marshall, opposition, penalty

Abstract
This paper relates the history of women's role in the workplace. The author points out the attributes of gender bias and discrimination. The paper delineates changes in the 20th Century.

From the Paper
"This research examines the phenomenon of gender bias in Western society, which can be identified as having both a long history in real-world experience and a long history as a subject for philosophical and moral discourse. The research will set forth attributes ..."

Tags:gender, bias, workplace, John, Stuart, Mill, Thorstein, Veblen

Abstract
The paper examines the issue of racial and ethnic bias in criminal sentencing and notes the disparity in death penalty sentencing. The paper discusses the influence of racial perception in sentencing decisions and the concept of stereotyping. The paper examines the harsh sentences for drug-related crimes and blacks.

From the Paper
"Numerous reports have established there is racial disparity in criminal sentencing in the United States. The Sentencing Project states that rates of incarceration by the Commission finds racial disparity in jail sentences."

Tags:racial, ethnic, bias, sentencing

Abstract
This paper studies the subtle cultural biases contained in standardized tests, including IQ tests. The paper asks whether this bias unfairly penalizes those who are not white and middle-class. The paper presents counter-arguments that while significant cultural differences might distort test findings in general, IQ tests are not biased in this way. The paper concludes that IQ tests in particular are constructed so that they can fairly assess intelligence of anyone who has grown up in the United States and can read English.

Tags:IQ, test, bias, culture, African-American

Abstract
This paper addresses the bias that has long existed in the American news media concerning the treatment of the countries of Palestine and Israel according to recent events in the Middle East.

Tags:COMMUNICATION STUDIES / MASS MEDIA RELATIONS, THEORY, POLITICS, media bias isreal

Abstract
This paper considers the issue of bias in the media comparing Fox News with CNN, with a focus on the coverage of Hurricane Katrina and the Judge Alito appointment to the Supreme Court.

From the Paper
"Is there bias in the news media? A general impression is that the media itself touts a liberal bias in the broadcast television and print media and a conservative bias on talk radio. The question is ..."

Tags:bias, journalism, journalism, media, fox news, cnn, Hurricane Katrina