Abstract This paper examines the 1984 Bhopalgastragedy, its aftermath, and how the four "I's" - issues, interests, institutions, and information - manifest themselves in any discussion of this calamity. The paper maintains that the chemical industry is more intent upon fixing its image than fixing the problem. It adds that this marked unwillingness to put safety ahead of profit is a major reason why the Bhopal plant became so susceptible to the melt-down.The paper concludes that the tragedy could have been avoided, and turns responsibility over to NGOs, concerned government officials, and to the international community to see to it the chemical industry does not get away with such a crime again.
From the Paper "The ramifications of the tragedy do not begin and end simply with the human toll or with the lethargic pace of the clean-up - though both of those things are hugely important. Rather, one must also bear in mind the astonishing inability of Indian (and international) authorities to hold accountable those responsible for the disaster. For one thing, Union Carbide's Chief Executive Office at the time, Warren Anderson, was charged by local government officials with manslaughter in 1991. Instead of facing his accusers, Mr. Anderson successfully fled an international arrest warrant and a summons to appear before a US court. Even when he was finally unearthed in August of 2002 by Greenpeace - apparently living a life of quiet luxury in the Hamptons - neither the US government nor the Indian government expressed much interest in seeing him extradited to India to face trial. Drawing upon information provided by the official website of the Bhopal Medical Appeal & Sambhavna Trust foundation, it appears as though Mr. Anderson to this very day remains a free man (para.15)."
Abstract This paper studies the incident that took place on December 2, 1984 in Bhopal, India when a series of mechanical and human failures led to the worst industrial disaster known to mankind--a gas leak of 40 tons of methyl isocyanate from a Union Carbide chemical plant that killed an estimated 10,000 people. The effects of this tragic incident were global. Corporate environmental awareness was raised to new levels as industrial giants worldwide scrambled to preemptively reevaluate the safety of their own chemical processes, while lawmakers put together new environmental regulations in response to Bhopal. Public environmental awareness was also brought to the forefront as the "right-to-know" movement gained impetus. Ultimately, these three factors paved the way for environmental auditing and management systems--because these were the controls that gave the chemical industry the tools to prevent another Bhopal, while also meeting expected new government regulations and gathering information to satisfy the public's newly awakened interest in industrial processes.
From the Paper "One of the largest and most horrific industrial disasters of modern times took place in Bophal, India on the evening of December 2, 1984, when about 40 tons of methyl isocyanate (MIC) gas leaked from an underground storage tank at a Union Carbide chemical plant into the environment, killing 2,000 to 3,400 people almost immediately and leaving about 8,000 others to die gradually from exposure to the killing fumes.1 The gas polluted an area of over 18 square kilometers and displaced over 500,000 people. There were at least 250,000 people injured as a result of this accident. The MIC gas caused severe respiratory distress, pulmonary edema, eye and lung diseases, gynecological problems, psychological crisis, and many other medical problems before it had run its course. The sheer magnitude of the accident drew over 12,000 relief operations personnel to the area in hopes of rendering aid, but for many of the victims, it was already too late (Bisarya & Puri, 2001; EPA, 2001; Nolan & Street, 2000)."
Tags: act, air, auditing, caer, carbide, care, chemical, clean, disaster, environmental, epcra, gas, india, mic, responsible, union
Abstract This document discusses the Bhopal Disaster that occurred in 1984 in Bhopal India. The paper discusses how Union Carbide accidentally released over 40 tons of methyl isocyanate, a pesticide chemical, into the surrounding city streets of Bhopal. Since this gaseous form of the chemical was heavier than air it quickly spread among the busy community and ultimately resulted in over 15000 deaths. This research examines the character of Union Carbide's crisis management and its disavowal of any responsibility whatsoever in the accident as well as its guilt avoidance communication strategies that misinformed almost every constituent of the corporation.
From the Paper "In 1984, what has become known as the Bhopal Disaster occurred at a Union Carbide pesticide plant that was located within the center of Bhopal, India in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Many researchers claim this is the single most disastrous industrial accident in history (Hopfl & Matilal, 2005). The accident began with the release over 40 tons of methyl isocyanate, a form of pesticide chemical, that is heavier than air and which subsequently spread at ground level through the busy streets of Bhopal. It is estimated that the escaped gases affected as many as 600,000 individuals although it might be as few as 150,000 but significant in any case (Hopfl & Matilal, 2005)."
Abstract This paper begins by illustrating the process most commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. The paper then goes on to describe an alternative method used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and describes the benefits of this method, as well as some of the problems associated with it. Additionally, the paper points out that the water content of natural gas is an important engineering consideration concerning the sweetening process and presents an overview of the properties of pure acid gases and water and hydrogen sulfide. The paper then goes on to outline and explain additional processes and engineering considerations concerning the removal of hydrogen sulfide and includes some cost estimates and comparisons of the processes.
Properties of H2S and CO2
Vapor / Liquid Properties of Pure Compounds
Vapor / Liquid Phase Behavior
Acid Gas Compression and Dehydration
Metallurgy
Acid Gas Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection Facilities
Cost Comparisons with Small Scale Sulfur Recovery Options
Operating Costs
From the Paper "Sour natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has to be removed to meet specifications for sales gas. Sour natural gas also contains carbon dioxide (CO2). The removal of CO2 and H2S, usually called acid gases, from sour natural gas is generally accomplished by means of a regenerative solvent. There are several amine solvents used for this purpose. Upon regeneration of the solvent, the acid gases are liberated, and are usually sent to a modified Claus plant, where the H2S is converted to elemental sulfur (Canjar & Manning 1967). The acid gas stream to the modified Claus plant consists of H2S, CO2, water vapor and minor amounts of hydrocarbon gas."
Abstract This paper reviews the oil and gas industry in the Middle East, specifically Oman. The author applies accounting for the industry.
From the Paper "The focus of this paper is financial accounting for the oil and gas industry. While accounting in the oil and gas industry generally is discussed in this paper where appropriate and feasible certain perspectives are provides added emphasis. The first of these perspective sis the Sultanate of Oman. Where conditions or characteristics of either the oil and gas industry or the application of financial accounting in that industry differs markedly between the general industry and the industry in Oman such variations are identified ..."
Tags: Accounting, Oil, &, gas, industry, Middle, East, Oman
An in-depth analysis of this English Renaissance tragedy, the various factors involved which lead to the tragic ending and the struggle between good and evil.
2,800 words (approx. 11.2 pages), 2 sources, 2001, $ 83.95
Abstract In this paper the author examines the theme of tragedy that runs through this play. In so doing he looks at the primary relationships in the play - the relationship between the Cardinal, the Duchess and Ferdinand and the relationship between the Duchess and Antonio which he suggests is central to the play. He also suggests that the character of Bosola is an additional factor in the events that lead to the tragic end. The author examines each of these factors in turn, looking at the characters involved, their characteristics and the meaning of each factor and concludes by showing, not only how all these events led to the tragic ending, but also what meaning this has for the reader.
From the paper:
?The central tragedy of the play is that of the Duchess. She is represented as a fine woman in terrible circumstances. Her tragic flaw is her need to follow her heart. She defies the reality of the situation and makes the decision to marry Antonio and ultimately suffers for this choice. The tragedy of the situation is that she does nothing wrong. Her relationship with Antonio is pure. Even with the tragedy that results, she accepts this as a consequence of loving Antonio and accepts her fate.?
Abstract This paper summarizes and reviews William Shakespeare's tragedy, "The Tragedy of King Lear". The author compares the relative quiet opening of "The Tragedy of King Lear" to other works of Shakespeare and goes on to describe how the complex journey of King Lear's journey towards death manages to explore the tragedy of the human condition.
From the Paper "As the play opens with a ritualized and multivalent gesture of division as the aged Lear, preparing for his retirement from power, parcels out his territory, and in doing so dissolves his kingdom and his family into fiercely competitive fragments, a problem exacerbated when Cordelia refuses partake in a public love test only to be rashly disinherited by her father. And although critics often cite this opening act as a sign of the ultimate failure of Lear's vision, it is the conditions that Lear embarks on his quest that prove equally cursed and equally fraught with failure."
Abstract This paper studies the term "tragedy" and defines it using the thoughts of Plato and Aristotle and plays written in ancient Greece and by Arthur Miller's works. In order to do so the paper proceeds to examine each of these thinkers and writers and their works. It details Aristotle's notes that defined tragedy and his play 'Antigone' and 'Oedipus Rex', Arthur Miller's 'On Tragedy', 'The Crucible' and 'Death of a Salesman'.
From the Paper "The simplest, most reasonable definition of tragedy is that found in dictionaries and the definitions of laymen and theater -goers everywhere: ?a story with a sad ending.? However, literary theorists and critics would quickly be out their jobs if they simply left the common law of art alone. Thus for centuries there have been disagreements as to what constituted "true" tragedy. In ancient Greece, both the merits and ideal qualifications of tragedy were under debate. Plato suggested that tragedy might be best defined as people pretending to be villainous or sad for no good reason, and thus corrupting society. Aristotle, on the other hand, said that tragedy was a form of social good, for it allowed the rational soul to vent its emotions in a process he referred to as a ?catharsis.? He went on to define the trademarks of a tragedy it in some detail, including such plot elements as the noble birth of the protagonist, and the inevitability of the ending. Works that followed his model, such as Oedipus cycle, set the standard for centuries to come. Aristotle's conventions became a measuring stick for literary critics, though they were not always followed by poets and playwrights. In the modern era, many of these conventions were challenged, and this was particularly noticed in the case of Arthur Miller. After his play, Death of a Salesman, was lambasted by critics for not being a "real" tragedy, he responded with a seminal work on the modern adaptation of tragic conventions. The ideas put forth in his "On Tragedy" were deeply important to parts of his later play The Crucible. It is fascinating to see that despite the fact that many critics saw Miller's works as antithetical to ancient ideas of tragedy, and assumed that ancient tragedies would not be based around the ideals embraced by Miller, in many ways there are distinct parallels in thought between such works as The Crucible and older masterpieces such as Antigone. The inevitability of each play is iron-wrought, and each is driven by the inseparable division between the straight edge of power and the personal freedom of choice and self-definition. "
Abstract This essay discusses the main differences between Elizabethan and Greek tragedy by examining Shakespeare's poems and plays. The writer examines the use of violence on stage in Shakespearean tragedy as opposed to Elizabethan's.
From the Paper "There are various differences between Elizabethan tragedy, particularly through the works of Shakespeare, and Greek Tragedy. Some of these include the mixing of prose and Poetry, the linear formula of a character with a suffers from a tragic flaw, which leads to the character's downfall, versus the Elizabethan idea of the Wheel of Fortune. However, one of the largest dramatic differences between Greek tragedy and Shakespearean tragedy has to be the use of violence on stage. And what it boils down to is that the perfect combination of dialogue and action that Shakespeare uses in Othello can be more powerful than just the allusion, emotion, and metaphor that Sophocles uses in Oedipus the King."
A detailed examination of how tragedy can glorify an individual, through the discussion of August Strindberg's "Miss Julie" and Ibsen's "Ghosts" as examples to illustrate this point.
Abstract This paper examines the contention that characters of literary works often are put through physical and emotional torment in order to strengthen their character and emerge as heroes. In "Ghosts" the writer shows that the character of Mrs Alving is the hero after she suffers greatly from her husband's death and unfaithfulness and her son's illness. Despite all this she rises above her troubles. In the play "Miss Julie" the heroes are the rich daughter and a house servant and their love for each other which cannot be. This paper compares the way in which each of these literary works uses tragedy to strengthen their characters.
From the Paper "Authors of literary works often use their writing to convey the character worth and strength of their protagonists. They may put them through grief and tragedy but in the end they come out on top and even in spite of the horrors they have suffered they look very moralistic and glorified. Two classic works, August Strindberg's Miss Julie and Henrick Ibsen's Ghosts are illustrative of this ability to glorify an individual through the use of tragedy."
Abstract This paper details the points of a tragedy and a tragic hero, and how these points are at work in Shakespeare's "Hamlet". There is ample use of descriptions of the play to help explain these points. An outline of the paper is included at the end.
From the Paper "In drama, a tragedy recounts a series of events in the life of a person of significance or nobility. These events culminate in an unhappy catastrophe, forever altering the life of those involved. The tragedy centers on the tragic protagonist, in this case, Hamlet, Prince of Denmark, a noble character with all the marks of dignity. Hamlet, like all tragic heroes, is a noble character. He comes from royalty and with this high position comes the respect of his kingdom and friends. He is obviously a natural leader and has the ability to take charge of a situation ? we as an audience see this as he concocts his plan for revenge, immediately entangling his friend Horatio as a conspirator. From playing a madman to finding an acting troop to put on his play to catch his uncle, Hamlet shines as a leader and a quick thinker."
Abstract This paper argues that both tragedy and comedy are about the human condition versus the human being. The author uses Sophocles' "Oedipus, the King" and Chekhov's "The Bear" are used to support this position.
From the Paper "In drama, tragedy and comedy are often considered polar opposites. It is often suggested that tragedy is more about a human being while comedy pertains mostly to the human condition. In other words, the tragic character is specific while the comedic character ..."
Tags:tragedy, comedy, drama, Chekhov, Sophocles, character, fate, free will
Abstract This paper summarizes Euripedes play "The Trojan Woman", and argues that the play is a great tragedy. It looks at the drama and tragic fate of the noble women of fallen Troy. The paper also examines the suffering of the female royal characters of Hecuba, Cassandra, Andromache. It looks at Helen as the character who undergoes less suffering.
Abstract This paper is an assesment of Henrik Ibsen's play "Hedda Gabler" as a tragedy. It looks at Hedda's tragic flaw and contends Hedda is only a tragic figure in the superficial sense, and that she is heroic and independent on another level.
From the Paper "Ibsen's Hedda Gabbler is on its most superficial level a tragedy as Aristotle would have defined it in Poetics. On the surface it seems that Ibsen has provided his audience with a tragic hero in Hedda with a tragic flaw in her quest to prove her own independence and with a point of no return in the moment that he decided not to tell Ejlert that she actually has the manuscript that he has lost. These are most certainly the makings of tragedy ..."
Abstract This paper explores the popular appeal of tragedy, focusing on Sophocles' "Oedipus Rex" and Shakespeare's "Othello." The paper discusses how audiences equate suffering with a certain heroic quality in man.
From the Paper "Throughout history tragedies have fascinated audiences despite the persistent pain and suffering of their protagonists. Indeed the appeal of tragedy seems to spring from the very misery and self-destruction to which its characters are subjected, as audiences understand that such suffering corresponds to a certain heroic quality in man. This attitude was held in ancient Greece when Sophocles wrote "Oedipus Rex" and sustained itself through the Elizabethan period when Shakespeare produced "Othello." It is still present today as both Greek and Shakespearean tragedies remain immensely popular with audiences."
