Abstract
The following paper discusses the 1984 Bhopal Gas tragedy, its aftermath, and how the four "I's" - issues, interests, institutions, and information - manifest themselves in any discussion of this calamity. The writer argues that the tragedy could have been avoided, and it is now up to NGOs, concerned government officials, and to the international community to see to it the chemical industry does not "get away with murder" yet again.

From the Paper
"The following paper will discuss the 1984 Bhopal Gas tragedy, its aftermath, and how the four "I's" - issues, interests, institutions, and information - manifest themselves in any discussion of this calamity. In the final view of this writer, the tragedy could have been avoided, and it is now up to NGOs, concerned government officials, and to the international community to see to it the chemical industry does not "get away with murder" yet again. On the night of December 2^nd and 3^rd, 1984, a union carbide plant in Bhopal, India, began leaking tons of the deadly gas, methyl isocyantate..."

Tags:bhopal, gas, tragedy

Abstract
This paper examines the 1984 Bhopal gas tragedy, its aftermath, and how the four "I's" - issues, interests, institutions, and information - manifest themselves in any discussion of this calamity. The paper maintains that the chemical industry is more intent upon fixing its image than fixing the problem. It adds that this marked unwillingness to put safety ahead of profit is a major reason why the Bhopal plant became so susceptible to the melt-down.The paper concludes that the tragedy could have been avoided, and turns responsibility over to NGOs, concerned government officials, and to the international community to see to it the chemical industry does not get away with such a crime again.

From the Paper
"The ramifications of the tragedy do not begin and end simply with the human toll or with the lethargic pace of the clean-up - though both of those things are hugely important. Rather, one must also bear in mind the astonishing inability of Indian (and international) authorities to hold accountable those responsible for the disaster. For one thing, Union Carbide's Chief Executive Office at the time, Warren Anderson, was charged by local government officials with manslaughter in 1991. Instead of facing his accusers, Mr. Anderson successfully fled an international arrest warrant and a summons to appear before a US court. Even when he was finally unearthed in August of 2002 by Greenpeace - apparently living a life of quiet luxury in the Hamptons - neither the US government nor the Indian government expressed much interest in seeing him extradited to India to face trial. Drawing upon information provided by the official website of the Bhopal Medical Appeal & Sambhavna Trust foundation, it appears as though Mr. Anderson to this very day remains a free man (para.15)."

Tags:melt-down, pollution, poisoning, chemical, industry, international, law, disaster

Abstract
This paper states that ISO 14001 requires organizations to make three policy commitments of compliance, prevention of pollution, and continual improvement and are required to commit to all laws and regulations. The paper discusses the tragedy when thousands died in 1984 during a highly poisonous gas leak at the Union Carbide pesticide factory in Bhopal, India.

Table of Contents
The Issue
Auditing EMSs for Conformity with ISO 14001
Bhopal Incident
Ten Years after The Bhopal
Rehabilitation
Carbide Corporation

From the Paper
"There are several laws that provide for auditing of companies to provide protection against pollution and poisonous gas, such as the disaster at Bhopal. ISO has developed requirements for bodies that offer EMS conformity assessments and registrations. "These documents include ISO 14004, which is an EMS guidance document and three auditing standards: ISO 14010, ISO 14011, and ISO 14012. ISO 14004 advises organizations on how to establish an EMS and design an environmental policy" (NAPA 1). "

Tags:ems?s, conformity, iso, rehabilitation, compliance, prevention, pollution, improvement, laws, regulations

Abstract
On December 3, 1984, a cloud of highly toxic gas rose above the city of Bhopal, India. When it settled, it instantly killed approximately 3,000 people and left up to 600,000 people dying slowly or suffering various kinds of medical problems. This paper examines the claims by Union Carbide that the company should not be held responsible as the explosion was a result of sabotage. The paper argues that the company should be held responsible as it failed to impose security measures that might have avoided such a tragedy. The paper then examines the case of 3M company which come under fire for marketing a respiratory mask that it (allegedly) knew was not as safe to use as claimed.

From the Paper
"While disavowing any culpability in the incident, they nevertheless paid out $470 million (about Rs. 7.5 billion) plus an additional Rs. 43 million to Indian government agencies that were supposed to distribute the cash to survivors of the incident and to families of those killed or who have since died as a result of injuries sustained at the time (Economist. Par. 4). Generally, big corporations don't pay out this kind of cash unless they are forced to, and certainly not just to be nice. It follows that Union Carbide paid this huge sum as part of an effort to preserve (or restore) its reputation."

Tags:methyl, isocyanate, chemical, OSHA

Abstract
This document discusses the Bhopal Disaster that occurred in 1984 in Bhopal India. The paper discusses how Union Carbide accidentally released over 40 tons of methyl isocyanate, a pesticide chemical, into the surrounding city streets of Bhopal. Since this gaseous form of the chemical was heavier than air it quickly spread among the busy community and ultimately resulted in over 15000 deaths. This research examines the character of Union Carbide's crisis management and its disavowal of any responsibility whatsoever in the accident as well as its guilt avoidance communication strategies that misinformed almost every constituent of the corporation.

From the Paper
"In 1984, what has become known as the Bhopal Disaster occurred at a Union Carbide pesticide plant that was located within the center of Bhopal, India in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. Many researchers claim this is the single most disastrous industrial accident in history (Hopfl & Matilal, 2005). The accident began with the release over 40 tons of methyl isocyanate, a form of pesticide chemical, that is heavier than air and which subsequently spread at ground level through the busy streets of Bhopal. It is estimated that the escaped gases affected as many as 600,000 individuals although it might be as few as 150,000 but significant in any case (Hopfl & Matilal, 2005)."

Tags:bhopal, disaster, unioncarbide

Abstract
This paper begins by illustrating the process most commonly used to remove hydrogen sulfide from natural gas. The paper then goes on to describe an alternative method used for the removal of hydrogen sulfide and describes the benefits of this method, as well as some of the problems associated with it. Additionally, the paper points out that the water content of natural gas is an important engineering consideration concerning the sweetening process and presents an overview of the properties of pure acid gases and water and hydrogen sulfide. The paper then goes on to outline and explain additional processes and engineering considerations concerning the removal of hydrogen sulfide and includes some cost estimates and comparisons of the processes.

Properties of H2S and CO2
Vapor / Liquid Properties of Pure Compounds
Vapor / Liquid Phase Behavior
Acid Gas Compression and Dehydration
Metallurgy
Acid Gas Dehydration
Acid Gas Injection Facilities
Cost Comparisons with Small Scale Sulfur Recovery Options
Operating Costs

From the Paper
"Sour natural gas contains hydrogen sulfide (H2S), which has to be removed to meet specifications for sales gas. Sour natural gas also contains carbon dioxide (CO2). The removal of CO2 and H2S, usually called acid gases, from sour natural gas is generally accomplished by means of a regenerative solvent. There are several amine solvents used for this purpose. Upon regeneration of the solvent, the acid gases are liberated, and are usually sent to a modified Claus plant, where the H2S is converted to elemental sulfur (Canjar & Manning 1967). The acid gas stream to the modified Claus plant consists of H2S, CO2, water vapor and minor amounts of hydrocarbon gas."

Tags:hydrocarbon, condensate, gasoline, butane, propane, gas, processing, plants, recovery, liquefiable, constituents

Abstract
This paper explains each of the 5 major gas laws and cites specific examples of the application of each. This essay argues that these gas laws are responsible for advancements in industry and medical devices. Furthermore, this essay describes how one gas law, Boyle's Law, explains how the human body takes in oxygen and expels carbon dioxide through the lungs.

From the Paper
"The development of the Chemical Gas Laws throughout history has provided scientist and industry with some unique insights. These developments have made advancements in medicine i.e. membrane technology and industry (mineral development) more effective and efficient. The purpose of this essay will be to examine the five major gas laws: (1) Graham's Law; (2) Charles' Law; (3) Boyle's Law; (4) The Combined Gas Law and (5) Dalton's law of partial pressure. Each of these laws will be explained and will be punctuated with relevant, real-world applications."

Tags:gas law, explanation, examples

Abstract
In this article, the writer provides an informative description of mustard gas as a weapon of war. The paper looks at when and where it was used during the First World War and then discusses its effectiveness. The writer then goes on to discuss, in a similar manner, the numerous occasions that mustard gas has been used post-World War One.

Outline:
Mustard Gas in the First World War
Wilfred Owen, Dulce et Decorum est (1917)
Uses after the First World War

From the Paper
""The First World War saw Mustard Gas seen in the largest scale and in the most famous example as a weapon of war. Although during this conflict more lethal gases had been used as weapons previous to the use of Mustard Gas, (such as chlorine) these gases did not have the dermatological affect that Mustard gas has. It was for this reason that gas masks issued to most soldiers on the Western Front during World War One were of little use in countering the effects of the gas and hence it was also for this reason that Mustard Gas was such an effective weapon."

Tags:gas, sulfur, mustard, blister, agent, chemical, warfare, biological

Abstract
The paper argues that the natural gas vehicle is actually better than the electric automobile - chiefly because it remains somewhat more convenient to re-fuel, and because the long-term durability of the EV remains in doubt. The paper notes that both types of vehicles have their advantages, and the paper outlines the strengths of each. The paper concludes that while this writer gives a slight advantage to a natural gas-propelled vehicle, purchasing either type will turn out to be a judicious choice.

From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that the natural gas vehicle is actually better than the electric automobile - chiefly because it remains somewhat more convenient to re-fuel, and because the long-term durability of the EV remains in doubt. Be that as it may, both types of vehicles have their advantages, and the next several pages will outline the strengths of each. In the final analysis, while this writer gives a slight advantage to a natural gas-propelled vehicle, purchasing either type will turn out to be a judicious choice. To begin with, it is simply inaccurate to suggest that gas automobiles are..."

Tags:gas, electric, automobiles

Abstract
This paper reviews the oil and gas industry in the Middle East, specifically Oman. The author applies accounting for the industry.

From the Paper
"The focus of this paper is financial accounting for the oil and gas industry. While accounting in the oil and gas industry generally is discussed in this paper where appropriate and feasible certain perspectives are provides added emphasis. The first of these perspective sis the Sultanate of Oman. Where conditions or characteristics of either the oil and gas industry or the application of financial accounting in that industry differs markedly between the general industry and the industry in Oman such variations are identified ..."

Tags:Accounting, Oil, &, gas, industry, Middle, East, Oman