Abstract
A synopsis of 'Beyond Gender' and the social issues it discusses such as: gender equality, corporate downsizing, welfare, affirmative action, pay differences, and families. It analyzes each of these issues from a male and female perspective and as opposed to a paradigm. It also studies the roles of mothers and fathers in our society and how they are depicted in several textbooks. It discusses the pressing issue of why women are paid less than men.

From the Paper
"Beyond Gender by Betty Friedan covers a series of social issues that are of interest to most Americans, partly families and definitely women. Nearly 40 years ago Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique, and this is her follow-up. Among the subjects that Friedan addresses are gender equality, corporate downsizing, welfare, affirmative action, pay differences, and families. Each of these issues were discussed in relationship to a paradigm shift: "...a change in the system that defined the problems, the models, and the methods on which a whole community ... was trained" (Friedan 1997). From a male perspective, it was a grating book to read, but full of a lot of ideas that I consider "good starts." "

Tags:bette, beyond, feminine, friedan, gender, mystique, women, social, issues

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses the implication of the story of Dr. Paul Farmer presented in 'Mountains Beyond Mountains' for work against global poverty.

From the Paper
"The story of Dr Paul Farmer has implications for individuals and institutions engaged in work against global poverty. 'Mountains Beyond Mountains' summarizes Farmer's philosophy in recounting his efforts to stem an epidemic of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in Peru. The Peruvian government disapproved of Farmer's approach of treating infected patients with secondary therapies because it contradicted their approved treatment protocol. Officials worried that Farmer would expose the limits of their tuberculosis program-and they attempted to prevent his organization from reaching the infected patients. In some ..."

Tags:Mountains Beyond Mountains, Paul Farmer, global poverty, health care

Abstract
This paper examines why Beyond Barter, the Los Angeles Skills Pool, is a good example of a functioning gift economy. The paper points out that the organization is an example of a group offering and receiving services without using money to facilitate the transaction. The "value" of each received service is not compared to the services one contributes to the group. The paper explains that members of the pool are geographically concentrated, mainly by the constraints of service exchange, and form a community gift economy that fits the general model put forth in the theory on the subject. The paper maintains that the organization survives because it is useful and provides services to its members at a lower cost than the market. The paper concludes with an analysis of threats to the future of Beyond Barter and other gift economies.

Outline:
Introduction
What is a Gift Economy?
Why Are gift Economies such as Beyond Barter Viable?
Beyond Barter
Conclusion

From the Paper
"In The Global Idea of the Commons, Nononi defines the social commons as "access by users to social resources created by specific kinds of human labor." This includes such activities as caring of the young and elderly, household upkeep, and activities undertaken by the state, such as infrastructure and policing. Looking forward to our example, Beyond Barter allows members to trade these social services without attaching a price to each act. The end result is a community that realizes higher utility as a whole than individually, because the lack of capitalist allocation did not exclude some members from service. The positive externalities of the structure also improve welfare in the community as shown in the clean drinking water example. The trickle down of positive effects from the skills pool improves the lives of its members both financially and personally. "Besides saving a great deal of money, members enjoy meeting a lot of terrific people.... The L.A. Bargain Book's editor is in her second year as a Beyond Barter member and speaks highly of the group (Hunter)." This enthusiasm highlights a key attribute of the skills pool- member involvement and satisfaction. The pool allows members to interact with others in a more personal manner than traditional capitalism. The absence of monetary exchange personalizes the transaction."

Tags:non-profit, non-capitalist

Abstract
The paper describes how in 1971, Skinner wrote "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" as an answer to the problems of the modern world, including crime, poverty, violence, pollution and overpopulation. Skinner argues that the classic theories of freedom and dignity are outdated and no longer apply to the "modern scientific understanding of man." Skinner asserts that humans are essentially animals that could be controlled by using his previously discovered and published observations about the domination of animals. The paper stresses that "Beyond Freedom and Dignity" goes far beyond psychology and enters into sociology, philosophy and politics. The paper contends that if viewed within these parameters, it is a work of value for generations to come.

Outline:
Abstract
A Synopsis of "Beyond Freedom and Dignity"
Skinner's Concept of "Freedom"
Skinner's Concept of "Dignity"
Conclusions

From the Paper
"A most interesting theory that Skinner puts forth in the book is the idea that, based upon his earlier research into animal motivation and control, that humans are essentially animals that could be controlled by using his previously discovered and published observations about the domination of animals through motivation and deprivation, subject to the same laws of stimulus-response that he observed in his "rat boxes", or what has come to be known as "Skinner Boxes" in psychological circles (Todd & Morris, 1995) . In the book, Skinner denies the existence of a "human mind", personal responsibility and any type of "inner personality" (Skinner, 1971). To him, free will, thoughts, and emotions only "seem" to exist."

Tags:free, will, human, mind, responsibility, animals, instinct

Abstract
This paper reviews and discusses Peter Handke's novel, 'A Sorrow Beyond Dreams'. According to the paper, 'A Sorrow Beyond Dreams' is a non-fiction book that relates, in a series of disrupted fragments, the life and suicide of Maria Handke, the author's mother. The paper further discusses how the book focuses both on the personal and emotional life of Handke's mother and on the social context that was partly responsible for her misfortunes.

From the Paper
"The book comes only a few moths after the painful event that caused it- the suicide of the author's mother, and thus captures Handke's division between his feeling of loss and sorrow as a son, and his struggle to give an account of this feeling, as a writer. Every human death can seem unreal and puzzling , and this is even more so when the death is the cause of the suicide. Suicide seems to place every certainty we might have about ourselves and the world around us, under doubt. The main coordinates of the book are loss, displacement and exile and all of these are connected with Handke's struggle as a writer trying to express the horror and banality of the suicide event. On the one hand, the loss of the mother causes pain and makes it difficult for him to externalize the experience in his writing, and at the same time, the author has to displace the pain he is feeling and to translate it into his work. This detachment that the son has to perform to become a writer is a form of self-alienation or exile."

Tags:Suicide, misfortune, meaning, social, condition, personal, experience

Abstract
This paper discusses the film documentary "Galapagos, Beyond Darwin" which introduces viewers to the islands that changed the way naturalist Charles Darwin thought about life on this planet. The paper also examines the adaptations organisms have developed that allow them to survive.

Abstract
This paper explores the social, economic and political consequences of beef, as depicted in Jeremy Rifkin's "Beyond Beef: the Rise and Fall of the Cattle Culture".

Abstract
In "Science, Order, and Creativity", David Brohm and fellow scientist David Peat set out to speak about the state of science in the modern world, and how a new mind-set must be generated if fields of scientific thought are to be truly creative and ground-breaking in the future. This essay will examine Brohm and Peat's claim in reviewing Chapter Seven, "The Order Between and Beyond," of Science, Order, and Creativity.

Abstract
This paper briefly reviews the work by Bar-Zohar called "Beyond Hitler's Grasp". The paper begins by stating that Peshev's story, along with many others, was long forgotten but has been revived, and he has become a major heroic figure in Bulgaria. The writer explores the actions of the main character Peshev, in light of his Bulgarian nationality and background and the risks he faced in helping the Jews the way he did.

From the Paper
"Dimiter Peshev was the vice president of the Bulgarian Parliament, and when he heard the rumors of the impending deportations of the Jews, he formed an action group in the town of Kustendil. He took his case to higher-ups, appearing before the minister of the interior to insist that the deportation orders be altered immediately. Peshev was particularly motivated by humanitarian concerns, but he also had political motivations because in the aftermath of the German failure at Stalingrad, it was believed that Bulgaria should not become involved in such a monstrous act because that would endanger her chances of disengaging from the German alliance when necessary."

Tags:holocaust, jews, deportation, saving, gentile, righteous, humanity, concentration, camp

Abstract
In "Beyond the Pleasure Principle", Freud presents his theory of the opposition between the death instinct (Eros) and the life instinct (Thanatos). Included in this examination and summary of Freud?s theory, is the discussion of the role of the repetition compulsion, of the sexual instincts and of binding. All of these issues are set to an example so that they can be demonstrated along with how the play of opposition between these two basic forces contributes to forming the individual personality.

From the Paper
"Freud uses two terms, Eros and Thanatos, to label what he calls the instinct of life and the instinct of death, respectively. Part of the energy of the life instinct is the Libido and that energy gets directed at oneself so that you want to preserve yourself, grow, develop, and advance. Heavily opposing the life instinct is the death instinct, which is geared towards destruction. This destructive instinct wants to keep things the same and is a drive to an earlier state, ultimately death (or "nothing"). Freud explains that the death instinct will often get repressed, showing itself as an aggression turned outward towards others. Freud claims that the pleasure principle, which aims at reducing tension, "seems actually to serve the death instincts" (1961, 77). "The pleasure principle, then, is a tendency operating in the service of a function whose business it is to free the mental apparatus entirely from excitation or to keep the amount of excitation in it constant or to keep it as low as possible" (Freud, 1961, 76). In other words, the pleasure principle works for what is pleasurable, which, according to Freud is a relaxed state without tension or stimuli. So, for Freud, the pleasure principle urges us to repeat actions that bring us to that relaxed and unstimulated state of being. Even taking drugs that make us forget and put us in a state of dull sensation could be an action that Freud would classify as the pleasure principle working. The pleasure principle would urge the person to continue the action of taking that particular drug over and over even though this would ultimately lead to death, which is the ultimate goal of the pleasure principle since it when we are dead we have absolutely no incoming stimuli."

Tags:freudian, freud, instinct, pleasure, principle, psychology, repetition, theory