Abstract
The phenomenon of hip hop has spawned a new way of dressing, acting, and speaking adopted by black young people, as well as an increasing number of young whites, especially males. Hip hop and its music and speech patterns, known as hip hop or rap or gangsta rap, has moved out of the ghettos and into suburban, middle-class neighborhoods, especially among the young males in those neighborhoods. This paper questions whether it is a bona fide language type, such as Black English Vernacular (BEV), in and of itself, or whether it is a dialect of BEV. Also investigated are the vectors by which this speech might have crossed the color divide and why. Finally, how hip hop/rap/gangsta came to be and what it owes to previous black dialects, as well as to African and West Indian influences, are considered. What emerges is a constantly changing dialect that appeals to the same populations that generally cause language change, the lower classes, which start it, and the middle classes, which carry it upward.

Table of Contents
Abstract
Introduction: Statement of Problem
Review of the Literature and Research Questions
Language of the Black Diaspora
Other Cultural Factors
Black English Vernacular Dialects: Africans via the West Indies
Use of "Downmarket" Speech among Britons, White and Black
Is Estuary English Equivalent to BEV Dialects?
Lowest Common Denominator?
Hip-hop Language and Women
Women as Primary Musicians/Speakers of BEV Dialects
Other Voices
Methodology and Results
Appendix

From the Paper
"Kopano argues, in essence, that in their defiant states, both bebop and rap (hip-hop) artists create a rhetoric that is creative in the verbal and nonverbal mode. Both obviously include, either by contribution or adoption, other lifestyle factors, such as clothing choices. And, by extension, the dialect of Black English each one has engendered is likewise dispersed throughout the Black community, and adopted, at least in some ways, by the White community, particularly by the White males who are arguably attracted to the inherent subversive/aggressive message contained in it."

Tags:Estuary, English, NWA, behop, harlem

Abstract
This paper researches and examines the hybrid vehicle in relation to safety, features, fuel economy and the environment. It first examines a number of factors that may affect the individual's decision in making a purchase of a hybrid vehicle rather than a traditional gasoline powered vehicle. The paper also discusses the fuel-economy and the environmental-friendliness of the hybrid, as well as drawbacks relating to servicing safety of the hybrid vehicle. The paper contains an annotated bibliography, figures and graphs.

Table of Contents:
Abstract
Objective
Introduction
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"The battery for the hybrid vehicle consists of 250 individual cells that are similar to the shape of a size battery generally used for flashlights. Each of these individual battery cells are housed in a stainless steel case and each cell has 1.3 volts. These cells are "welded and wrapped together in groups of 5 to form a module." (FMC, 2007) Each battery pack has 50 modules with the total voltage of the battery pack is 300 volts DC. The batteries are NI-MH (Nickel-Metal Hydride) The battery pack includes sealed batteries that are much like the batteries in radio control toys, cell phones and laptop computers. Within each battery cell is a base electrolyte that consists of potassium hydroxide as the dominant active ingredient which special paper absorbs. The electrolyte will generally not leak from the battery unless it is crush and then only a few drops will generally leak. One important concern related to the hybrid vehicle is the high-voltage system in these vehicles and the dangers associated with being electrocuted."

Tags:battery, gasoline, BEV, HEV, voltage