Abstract
The author of this paper examines the theme of betrayal in classical literature. The author looks at examples of betrayal in Anne Carson's translation, "If Not, Winter: Fragments of Sappho," and Homer's epic poem, "The Odyssey". The writer also looks at examples of betrayal as told in the Old Testament.

From the Paper
"In Homer's epic poem, The Odyssey, deception is a theme that runs throughout the whole novel. Athena and Odysseus are deceitful to other characters. Athena disguised herself as Mentor to help Odysseus' son, Telemechus, on his own journey. Telemechus never knew that it was a Zeus' daughter guiding and strengthening him. But Telemechus was not the only character that was uniformed of someone's presence--the suitors and Penelope, Odysseus' wife, thought the man in the castle was a beggar. Known to the readers, this beggar is in fact King Odysseus, back to reclaim his castle. Homer's use of disguises to hide an identity represents how people are never truly themselves when betraying others. The true person is hiding under the facade that has been created, but the mask is what everyone else sees. The deceitful person has been transformed into someone new to the rest of the world. Betrayal cannot be undone--it always lingers over shoulders, and unfortunately stays with the ones that were betrayed."

Tags:god, adam, eve, bible, hope, deception, betrayal, humanity, treachery

Abstract
In this article, the writer discusses that the plot of the story of "Hamlet" is on revenge for betrayal and murder. The writer asks how can Hamlet refuse the beloved ghost of his father? However, the writer points out that revenge often involves other people who are innocent. In this story, the writer maintains that this is true and can be seen in different players. Plans of revenge backfire killing Laertes, Hamlet, the queen and the king. The writer discusses that the main themes of this story are revenge, but the moral of the story is that seeking revenge can also hurt other people too.

From the Paper
"Imagine a cold, dark, winter night a ghost says that he was murdered. To add even more spark to the story, the ghost says that it was betrayed by his wife and brother. In fact, they not only betrayed him, they murdered him. The ghost begs Hamlet to get revenge for his death so that he can rest in peace. How can a son refuse the ghost of his father? How can Hamlet refuse the beloved ghost of this father? The story Shakespeare has written called Hamlet is based on revenge for betrayal and murder. The setting of the story begins with Bernardo and Francisco seeing a ghost who believes the ghost is King Hamlet, which leads them to tell Prince ..."

Tags:revenge, betrayal, murder

Abstract
The paper begins with the betrayal of Claudius and then discusses Ophelia's betrayal, Rosencrantz and Guildenstern's plan to betray their friend and Hamlet's struggle with a strong sense of self-betrayal. The paper emphasizes how these acts of betrayal leads to the destruction of relationships and the death of the main characters in the play.

From the Paper
"First and most obviously we begin with the betrayal of Claudius, Hamlet's uncle. Hamlet believes that Claudius is responsible for the murder of his father, although he is convinced of Claudius' guilt he is indecisive throughout most of the play and delays in acting on his beliefs right until the end when Claudius makes an attempt on Hamlet's life. Claudius is the new king of Denmark and will do anything to make sure it stays that way. In order to stay king he knows that he has to keep Gertrude pleased. Although Gertrude herself betrays Hamlet she really does love and care for him. Because of this Claudius realizes that he has to make sure that Gertrude believes that he himself loves and cares for her son. Although in truth, Claudius hates hamlet and wishes death upon him. Claudius is a very selfish character. He is deceitful, manipulative and evil. He is a man masked in betrayal. He murdered his own brother, married his brother's wife, he seeks to destroy Hamlet and take his life."

Tags:deception, selfishness, relationships

Abstract
This paper describes how Arundhati Roy demonstrates the theme of betrayal in her novel, "The God of Small Things". These acts of betrayal are detailed in the betrayal of children by adults, of individuals by society, of parents by children, and in the betrayal of history and tradition.

From the Paper
"The impact of betrayal is seen throughout the differing settings of the book; both when the twins are seven years of age in 1969 and when the twins have reached 31 years of age in 1993. Betrayal involves most of the characters in the novel: Rahel, Baby Kochamma, Estha, Chacko, Ammu, Mammachi, Sophie Mol, Murlidharan, and Velutha. As such, betrayal is an important theme within The God of Small Things."

Tags:indian, class, culture, castes, orangedrink/lemondrink, man, mulidharan, velutha

Abstract
Various incidents of betrayal plague Shakespeare's entire work of "Hamlet", and these acts of betrayal are the major cause of the character, Hamlet's, decline. The paper shows how betrayal comes to Hamlet in different forms and, while in some cases it is open and obvious, in other occasions it is quite subtle in nature. The paper covers these instances separately to show how damaging they were to Hamlet?s psychological and emotional health.

From the Paper
"Some critics argue that Hamlet's friends were simply following orders and therefore should not be accused of betraying Hamlet. But if we carefully study the consequences of their actions, we will be able to see how their obedience and loyalty to the king constituted open betrayal of their friend's trust. Being childhood friends, they were supposed to help Hamlet in his times of pain and distress. Instead of declaring him mad, they should have listened to his problems, which they never did. They came back with the news of his lunacy and further assisted Claudius with his plans."

Tags:Claudius, Ophelia, Gertrude

Abstract
This paper explains how the theme of betrayal is played out through the character of Edmund and the way he betrays his friends at a key juncture in the novel. The theme is developed by Lewis in terms of his conception of Christianity so that the act of betrayal requires an act of atonement, often by someone other than the offender, as is the case in this novel.

From the Paper
"The story tells of four children, Peter, Susan, Edmund, and Lucy, who find themselves in a different world after passing through a doorway found in a wardrobe. The world they escape is the world of World War II, while the world in which they then find themselves is a fantasy world where animals speak. The transition is abrupt, and for Edmund the transition creates an opportunity to serve himself while betraying the others. Edmund does not fully comprehend the enormity of what he does before doing it, and it is evident that he is seduced into his betrayal by the creature comforts he is given by the Queen of Narnia. When she offers him something to eat, he asks for Turkish Delight. the food she gives him satisfies him but is more than simple Turkish Delight, and she asks if he wants more..."

Tags:edmund, queen, peter, susan, lucy

Abstract
This paper argues that people make choices ignorant of the consequences. It examines the characters of Harold Pinter's "Betrayal" as manifestations of the Freudian psyche: the id, ego. and superego. Using this model, the author dissects their actions and the overall actions of the play. The paper includes two specific, in-depth analyses of scenes.

From the Paper
"Betrayal is one act, broken into nine formal scenes, suggesting the integral continuity of life, as well as its episodic nature. Close inspection of any one of these scenes reveals a careful representation of human dialogue when nearly all the action is based upon deceit. In particular, scenes four and five illustrate Pinter's dramatic and thematic structure."

Tags:emma, jerry, protagonist

Abstract
This paper examines how Hamlet is betrayed by a number of people and how, as he is betrayed, he reacts in various manners throughout the play. It discusses how through Hamlet's reactions to the betrayals, Shakespeare lays out a process of grieving, hurt, rage, manipulation, self-admonition.

From the Paper
"Did Gertrude have a secret affair while Old Hamlet was still alive?
Claudius may not have killed his brother, if not knowing that Gertrude would marry him. Other reasons that do point out that Gertrude was unfaithful to Old Hamlet was because of her glowing happiness, so shortly after the death of Old Hamlet, and the short period of supposed mourning that is nonexistent not only on Gertrude's part but on everyone's part, and how quickly she married Claudius. Hamlet realizes these all this and it crushes him and so this adds to the grief that he is feeling."

Tags:gertrude, claudius

Abstract
The writer discusses the characters of Lear and Gloucester. These two characters are faced with the same basic problem: their close acquaintances are betraying them. According to the writer, Lear reacts by exiling or cutting off anyone that he suspects of betrayal, while Gloucester gives his trust to those he thinks remain loyal.

From the Paper
"He begins by exiling Kent, a member of his counsel. Next he cuts off Cordelia, his youngest daughter, for going against his wishes. Finally, he offends the King of France. This not only sets him up for disaster later, but also provokes serious responses from the aggrieved parties. Lear has responded quickly and decisively to betrayal, but he has not necessarily helped himself with his actions."

Tags:exile, character, trust, play, narrative

Abstract
This paper discusses America's "betrayal" of its original priority not to interfere in the human dignity, freedom, democracy of other nations. The paper uses two books about Guatemala and Iran as sources.

From the Paper
"My country will be faithful to the letter and to the spirit of the law said President Truman in Mexico City. It turned out America was neither. We must remember that this was the era of the beginning of the Cold War. America was determined to lead the world. This was not only politically, it was also economically. The African experience was being colonized by Western nations. Their manpower was used as cheap labor. Their minerals and other products went to enrich Europe even as..."

Tags:oil, politics, economics, Dollar Diplomacy, Churchill, Truman, Iran, Guatemala, United Fruit, communism