Abstract
This paper discusses how a Canadian doctor Norman Bethune became a Chinese Communist revolutionary hero. The writer shows that as a cadre, he worked side by side with the revolutionary soldiers and he imparted his medical knowledge to the peasants. The writer points out that Mao cited Bethune as a true spirit of the People's Revolutionary Struggle. Further the writer notes that Bethune became known throughout China as a martyr to the revolution and a war hero.

Tags:china, revolution, bethune

Abstract
A paper about the African American reformist and educationalist Mary Bethune, who radicalized the movement for the black youth of American and spread awareness for their reform.

Tags:biography, mary, bethune

Abstract
This paper explores the life and the vision of Mary McLeod Bethune, an educator and African-American activist.

Abstract
The paper examines the challenges that African Americans faced during the Jim Crow period of social segregation. The paper discusses the New Deal, and how African-Americans blacks were excluded from jobs and electricity created by FDR's Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) program. The paper also addresses the lynching of African Americans by mobs of white Southerners. The paper then explores what African Americans did to overcome white supremacy, and discusses the activism of Mary McLeod Bethune, the registering of blacks to vote, the force of the Black church and the bold and courageous moves of individuals.

From the Paper
"The leadership of people like Mary McLeod Bethune was important in the struggle to be free from the rule of Jim Crow in the South. She was called the "female Booker T. Washington" and "Mother Bethune" (McCluskey, 1999, p. 236) and she gained the widespread affection of the black community (and a significant portion of the white establishment) for her writings championing black progress in newspapers. Bethune was a charismatic speaker and she carved out a position of "moral authority" based on the use of "honey" rather than "vinegar" to affect change, McCluskey writes on page 237. She used both the black press (Chicago Defender and Pittsburgh Courier) and the white press to build a consensus for cooperation and fellowship on racial issues. And she used her leadership position in the National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) to promote higher education for African Americans, equality for all women, and she convinced First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt to attend black conferences and to host White House conferences for the advance of black youth and black business interests (McCluskey, p. 239)."

Tags:racism, New, Deal, TVA, lynchings, Mary, McLeod, Bethune, voting, Black, church

Abstract
This paper is a study of the women who pushed black advancement throughout the early and mid-twentieth century, and the organizations that they led. The paper focuses on Mary Church Terrell, Mary McLeod Bethune, Dorothy Height, and Helena Wilson, and their organizations, the National Association of Colored Women, the National Council of Negro Women, and the Ladies Auxiliary of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters.

From the Paper
"In the early twentieth century, the National Association of Colored Women (the "Association"), the Ladies Auxiliary of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (the "Auxiliary"), and the National Council of Negro Women (the "Council") played important although different roles in the advance of blacks in America. These organizations' leaders, especially Mary Church Terrell, Mary McLeod Bethune, Dorothy Height, and Helena Wilson, shaped the rising strength of movements among black women. In their various efforts, they reflected differing attitudes on matter of class, race, and gender."

Tags:blacks, clubs, organizations

Abstract
The paper explores how various organizations played important, although different, roles in the advance of black women in America. The paper looks at the organizations of Mary Church Terrell, Mary McLeod Bethune, Dorothy Height and Helena Wilson and shows how they reflected differing attitudes on matter of class, race, and gender.

From the Paper
"In the early twentieth century, the National Association of Colored Women (the "Association"), the Ladies Auxiliary of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (the "Auxiliary"), and the National Council of Negro Women (the "Council") played important although different roles in the advance of blacks in America. These organizations' leaders, especially Mary Church Terrell, Mary McLeod Bethune, Dorothy Height, and Helena Wilson, shaped the rising strength of movements among black women. In their various efforts, they reflected differing attitudes on matter of class, race, and gender."

Tags:class, race, gender

Abstract
Examines FDR's informal "black cabinet," the people who served in it, and its importance to national culture. New Deal reforms & black support. Black leaders who advised FDR. The President's motive in using black advisers: to use their ideas to remedy racism & to rely on their opinion on a wide number of other issues. Diversity of "black cabinet." Contribution of educator Mary McLeon Bethune & others. Gains made by the NAACP, National Urban League & National Council of Negro Women as a legacy of the "black cabinet."

From the Paper
"With the entrance of each new administration we now hear about the importance of making the president's cabinet "look like America". That resemblance is never actually achieved, of course, if only because each American has a different idea of what it is that America really looks like. But amid the complex politics of inclusion at least when a Democrat is in the White House it is easy to overlook how far it is that we have actually come just over the course of the 20th century in terms of acknowledging that the differing experiences of different racial groups are all valid and that they must be included in an administration if the country is to be well run.
Many people deserve credit for bringing African-American voices into the mainstream of the national political process. But one of the people who deserves a fair measure of credit is often..."

Tags:NAACP