Abstract
The paper explains that Bertrand Russell, author of the theory of atomism, was a philosopher whose emphasis was primarily on logical analysis and its consequences for metaphysics. The paper outlines how the traditional philosophical problem of the external world, which is based on the fact that external qualities can only be drawn inferentially, was explained by Russell (1910) as a distinction between "knowledge by acquaintance and knowledge by description" (Irvine, 2003). The paper also explains that Russell's 1918 work on logical atomism was based on the argument that the world is comprised of logical atoms, which he described as "little patches of colour", and their properties (Irvine, 2003).

Tags:bertrand, russell, atomism

Abstract
The following paper will examine Bertrand Russell's Paradox. To be more specific, the paper will look at how Russell came up with his path-breaking theorem and the history behind the paradox. More importantly, the paper will look at the enduring significance of the paradox and the manner in which it has transformed mathematical logic. Ultimately, Russell forced a re-evaluation of Cantor's theorem, led to the formulation of higher-complexity set theories, prompted the creation of type theory and even set in motion the development of axiomatic set theory - which was the precursor to Zermelo-Fraekel set theory. Lastly, the notion of a universal set was called into question by Russell's work. In the final analysis, Bertrand Russell turned the work of Cantor, Frege and many others on its ear - and took logic in exciting new directions.

From the Paper
Bertrand Russell's Paradox: How He Came up with It, The History, and It's Significance The following paper will examine Bertrand Russell's Paradox. To be more specific, the paper will look at how Russell came up with his path-breaking theorem and the history behind the paradox. More importantly, the paper will look at the enduring significance of the paradox and the manner in which it has transformed mathematical logic. Ultimately, Russell forced a re-evaluation of Cantor's theorem, led to the formulation of higher-complexity set theories, prompted the creation of type theory and even set in motion the development of axiomatic set theory

Tags:russell's, paradox, history

Abstract
This paper explores Bertrand Russell's fifteenth chapter of "The Problems of Philosophy" entitled "The Value of Philosophy", as a means of assessing the rationale of the study of philosophy and its value within the lives of human beings. The paper explains how the Russell describes his concepts of philosophy as a mental endeavor and as a worthwhile subject of study. The paper demonstrates that the value of philosophy for Bertrand Russell consists of the enlargement of human capacity. The paper also discusses how Russell believed that the human being is confined by the rigors of life and often allows these to affect his decision-making processes. The paper also looks at how Russell suggests that philosophy is unique in that it reduces the human's influence and ability to control, thus transforming all efforts to participate in philosophical discovery to a state of pure spiritual achievement.

From the Paper
"Russell made a distinction between efforts that enriched the self materially and those that enriched the self mentally and spiritually. This theme is seen not only in his attitude towards government and the treatment of citizens by their governments, but also can be seen in his perception of philosophy as a worthwhile endeavor for study. He identifies that "practical" men are those whom merely frame the world in terms of "material needs," where each decision made is used to advance a personal agenda that increases his wealth, resources, or stature (Russell, 114)."

Tags:overcome, limitations, absolutes, spiritually, material, needs

From the Paper
"This study will show how Bertrand Russell's argument which purports to show that we do not know that the sun will rise tomorrow is similar to the argument which purports to show that we don't know that there is a sun, or, indeed, that there is any other physical object at all.


The purpose of Russell's argument, as presented in Chapter 6 ("On Induction") of his book The Problems of Philosophy, is to see if we can rationally extend the realm of knowledge to matters beyond our "private experience." The basis of the inquiry is the argument that "It must be known to us that the existence of some one sort of thing, A, is a sign of the existence of some other sort of thing, B, either at the same time as A or at some earlier or later time, as, for example, thunder is a sign of the earlier existence of lightning" (p. 60)."

Abstract
An account of Bertrand Russell's theory of descriptions and ways in which it bears on the analysis of proper names, as well as the distinction between ordinary and logically proper names.

From the Paper
"Russsell rejects the standard idea that supposedly defining phrases are readily meaningful. Rather, most such expressions are not informative but really ambiguous, lacking in meaning. Russell's theory of descriptions is a way of giving a satisfactory account of how a certainty of meaning for a word can be arrived at. A description as Russell discusses it is a method of explaining how a meaning makes sense or how a statement about a thing reaches meaning. It is possible to identify a thing by giving it a name but the..."

Tags:Theory of Descriptions, proper names, Bertrand Russell, logical propositions, analytical philosophy

Abstract
This paper explores the small and poor economy of the nation of Haiti. Specifically the paper analyzes the work, "Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization" by Jean-Bertrand Aristide. It discusses the book as if explaining it to a friend who had not read the book, so they would be able to understand it without having to read it. Jean-Bertrand Aristide's "Eyes of the Heart" is a compelling look at a country so low on the economic scale that it barely exists.

From the Paper
"Author Jean-Bertrand Aristide was the President of the Republic of Haiti, a Catholic Priest, and a dedicated humanitarian, which makes him an expert in the lives of his people, and those residents of other third world countries. His democratic presidency was overthrown by a military coup, and he was deposed for 1,111 days. When he returned to Haiti after the coup, he continued to serve his country until the next election. He then formed the humanitarian foundation, the Aristide Foundation for Democracy, which works to get the Haitian people involved in their own government, and supports literacy for all Haitians."

Tags:haiti, haitian, economy, third, world

Abstract
This paper presents a counter-argument to the paper, "Why I am Not a Christian" by Bertrand Russel. It examines excerpts from his essay and shows the author's personal beliefs on the subject which go against the ideas presented by Russel. The paper is written from a pro-Christian perspective.

From the Paper
"Bertrand Russell then reminds us that the Privy Council of the Catholic Church has recently ruled out the necessity for the belief in hell. Excuse me, but since when has the Privy Council had the authority to determine what a Christian must believe in? Russell blatantly commits the fallacy of Argumentum ad Verecundiam. The Privy Council doesn't have the authority to make judgments about the beliefs of Christians any more than Bertrand does. He has set up a false authority to prove his argument. Unfortunately for him, appeals to authorities are the weakest kind of argument and his really does nothing for him. If there is a heaven, as I am sure all Christians believe, then there must be a Hell."

Tags:Jesus, Christ, Christianity, saviour, hell

Abstract
In chapter V of his book, "The Problems of Philosophy," originally published 1912, Bertrand Russell examined how mere humans perceived the world and how this perception occurred. This paper provides a brief biography of Russell. This is followed by a review and discussion of his analysis in "The Problems of Philosophy" to identify how he distinguishes between 'Knowledge by Acquaintance' and 'Knowledge by Description'. The paper also identifies how Russell's theory presents a plausible account of representative realism. A summary of the research is provided in the conclusion.

From the Paper
"To help elaborate on this component of his view, Russell says, "We shall say that we have acquaintance with anything of which we are directly aware, without the intermediary of any process of inference or any knowledge of truths." According to Russell, only the objects of immediate experience are known by acquaintance, through our direct awareness of them. Other things are known only by description, through the mediation of our apprehension of true propositions about them. For instance: "I am in a state of hunger now" may be known through acquaintance, but "Eating a pizza will relieve the state of hunger" can be known only by description. In spite of this apparently narrow extent, Bertrand maintains that knowledge by acquaintance provides the foundation for further knowledge by description, discussed further below. "

Tags:universals, particulars, Plato, Forms

Abstract
This paper is a full examination and critique of the book, "Race, Rock, and Elvis" by author Michael T. Bertrand. This book promotes the theory that Elvis, as well as rock and roll itself, worked to deconstruct racism in American in general and in the South in specific. The paper critiques the book in terms of organization and theme.

Abstract
"The Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization" by Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is an important book, written not just for Haiti and its people, but on behalf of all people living in developing countries. The paper shows that the book is a cry for social justice for the poor of the world and in the book, Aristide uses his experiences of poverty and development in Haiti to lay bare and to berate the morality of a world that can allow situations, such as the one Haiti has lived through (and indeed continues to live through), to occur and to continue. The paper includes a short synopses of the life of the author and the history of Haiti in order to appreciate the significance of the book.

From the Paper
"All in all, Aristide's book is a hymn to the strength of people in Haiti, to all people in the developing world, who, even under repression, under conditions that no-one in developed countries could even imagine, let alone have the strength to be able to live under, can have the strength to carry on, and to have hope that things will change, that things will get better. His book is intended as a manifesto for change, as a strength-giving sermon for those people. The book is also aimed at those people who hold the power to change the developing countries- developed countries imbalance that he writes about so powerfully."

Tags:Duvalier, democracy