Abstract
The paper explains Berger's view that human beings are meant to have freedom. The paper shows how Kant basically believed the same thing when he stated that human beings are ends in themselves. The paper looks at the two passages that are concerned with the basic beliefs of these two individuals. The paper analyzes these passages in terms of assumptions, language, perspectives and arguments. The paper explains how both Berger and Kant believed that the human being has a high purpose but that the purpose could be easily taken away. The paper highlights how according to Berger, society could destroy it and Kant believed that humans can be used by other people.

From the Paper
"Berger is concerned with the individual's position in society and with people's ability to deal with the facades of society. Society can lead in two directions. Kant was not concerned with society, but only with the individual's actions towards other people. In Berger's view, human beings are meant to have freedom, and Kant basically believed the same thing when he stated that human beings are ends in themselves. The two passages are concerned with the basic beliefs of these two individuals. The passages will be analyzed in terms of assumptions, language, perspectives and arguments."

Tags:kant, berger, freedom

Abstract
The paper examines the study of humor by Peter Berger and Simon Critchley in their respective works, "Redeeming Laughter" and "On Humour". The paper highlights the critical findings of each author on humor, and focuses on the different perspectives utilized by each. The paper shows how Berger uses the socio-political perspective in studying the concept of humor, while Critchley uses physical anthropology as his basis of understanding its nature and dynamics.

From the Paper
"Indeed, humor as a communicative intent has been researched through various perspectives, just to understand how people are able to create humor and react to it. Humor is a communication phenomenon that can be interpreted through different perspectives, and each perspective allows researchers to delve deeper into the nature and dynamics contained within this concept. The 'enigmatic' nature of humor as a form of communication is explored, in fact, by social and natural scientists alike. However, recent explorations into this communication phenomenon demonstrated a fusion of the biological roots and social dynamics surrounding humor."

Tags:anthropology, politics, satire, folly, absurdity, nature, culture

Abstract
This paper explains that the critical paradigm recognizes that reality is the product of history and analyzes it accordingly through social, political, cultural, economic, ethnic and gender values developed over time. The author states that, when applying the critical-emancipatory approach to T. R. Berger's "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland", the observer understands that the whole issue surrounding the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry involves a strong reaction to historical reality issues especially the importance of the First Nation people and the environmental supporters in deciding against the pipeline project. The paper relates that the constructivist-interpretive paradigm assumes that to understand the world and its meaning, one must interpret it. The author underscores that the constructivist-interpretive paradigm can be applied to Berger's work in that his assessment of the Mackenzie Valley pipeline is heavily subjective and based upon interpretation of multiple realities.

Table of Contents
The Strengths and Weakness of the Critical Paradigm
Application of the Critical-Emancipatory Approach to "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland"
The Strength and Weakness of the Constructivist-Interpretive Paradigm
Application of the Critical Constructivist- Interpretive Paradigm to "Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland"

From the Paper
"It is easy to analyze the Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland document in terms of the critical-emancipatory approach. Indeed, the whole issue surrounding the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry involves a strong reaction of social, political, cultural, economic and ethnic issues derived from processes over history. The writer, Berger, has assessed the contentious issue of the pipeline development firstly in terms of economic issues: that is, that it will be good for the Canadian economy, particularly the northern Canadians who will be brought now into the "mainstream of the Canadian economy" (Berger, 1988, p. 3). Ultimately, however, Berger has acknowledged the role of ethnicity in appraising the pipeline project and assessing its worth. His final position assumes the First Nation Canadians are correct; environmentally-speaking, the project should not go on). The role of acknowledging the importance of the First Nation people and the environment in deciding against the pipeline project display evidence of cultural, social, political and ethnic values in evaluating the situation.

Tags:interpretation, inuit, bias, reality, government

Abstract
In this article the writer examines the works 'Invitation to Sociology' by Peter Berger, and 'Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals' by Immanuel Kant. The writer discusses how the authors present two distinct views upon human freedom. This essay argues that Berger, operating from a sociological perspective, contends that human freedom is illusory if one has a broad enough perspective to recognize how all human actions are linked in a chain of causality. In contrast, it is shown how Kant, operating from a philosophical perspective with a preoccupation with ethical principles, suggests that acknowledging the reality of human freedom is a prerequisite for any ethical reasoning.

Tags:ethics, sociology, freedom

Abstract
The paper studies passages from Peter Berger's "Invitation to Sociology" and Immanuel Kant's "Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals". The paper argues that there is a common theme of the importance of freedom in both passages. The paper shows how for both thinkers, freedom is an inalienable quality that is central to our identities as rational human beings.

From the Paper
"The passage from Berger's text revolves around the concept of "bad faith". Berger defines this concept as the pretence that "something is necessary that in fact is voluntary" (Berger 143). However, while this concept is central to the passage and is repeated and defined in several different ways, in actuality its primary role is to serve as a opening through which Berger can explore the core idea of his text: human freedom."

Tags:bad, faith, categorical, imperative, means, end, duty, law, nature, ethics, society

Abstract
This essay compares moral decision-making in perspectives offered by sociologist Peter Berger and philosopher Immanuel Kant. Issues of free will, "bad faith" and individual choices in social contexts are discussed.

Tags:concept, of, freedom

Abstract
The paper demonstrates how while representing it's placement in history and society, "A Bar at the Folies-Bergere" also leaves much to be interpreted of its composition and subject matter. The paper focuses on the distortion of the mirror in this painting and how it has been the subject of sexual, personal, socioeconomic and symbolic interpretations. The paper highlights the techniques in this painting that are attributed originally, if not solely, to Manet. The writer offers a personal view that the distortion of the mirror was created to illustrate the gender relations of that time, the alienation one felt in that society, and the personal emotions of the barmaid. The paper includes color images.

From the Paper
"During the mid to late 19th century in Paris, the society and culture that could be found was one of frivolity, decadence, and volatility. Edouard Manet and his contemporaries created many works on the subject of modern Paris and the popular performances of night cafes. Manet created a telling work of the time, A Bar at the Folies-Bergere (1882) , as his last large canvas (96cm x 130cm) . While representing it's placement in history and society, A Bar also leaves much to be interpreted of its composition and subject matter. More specifically, the distortion of the mirror in this painting has been the subject of sexual, personal, socioeconomic, and symbolic interpretations."

Tags:barmaid, viewer, mirror, gender, relations, alienation

Abstract
This paper compares the paintings "Bar at the Folies-Bergere" by Manet to Paul Gauguin's, "Vision after the Sermon." Specifically, the essay considers several points of comparison. These include the comparative positioning of the female form in both works; the odd gaze of Manet's barmaid relative to the engaged gaze of the Breton women in Gauguin's master-work; the strange behavior of the mirror in Manet's work.

From the Paper
"The following paper will compare Manet's, Bar at the Folies-Bergere and Paul Gauguin's, Vision after the Sermon. Specifically, the essay will look at the following things as points of comparison: the comparative positioning of the female form in both works; the odd gaze of Manet's barmaid relative to the engaged gaze (or reverential down-tilted heads) of the Breton women in Gauguin's master-work; the strange behaviour of the mirror in Manet's work and how the divisive branch (or tree trunk, it is hard to say which) of the Gauguin composition serves a somewhat comparable..."

Tags:manet, gauguin, comparison

Abstract
This paper reviews the painting 'A Bar at the Folies Bergeres' by Edouard Manet. This paper attempts to prove that this work of art is much more than just an image of a barmaid with a mirror behind her, but rather a painting reflecting a somewhat more complex objective.

From the Paper
'Edouard Manet's A Bar at the Folies-Bergeres (1881-82) is, without question, one of the most famous paintings of the nineteenth century. This (re)creation of a moment in the nightlife of Paris' Variete Folies-Bergeres is acknowledged as Manet's "final masterpiece" (Duchting, 111). While on initial viewing this painting appears simply to be an image of a barmaid with a mirror behind her, this essay will argue that Manet's objectives in this work are much more complex.'

Tags:art, manet, painting

Abstract
This paper looks at two passages - the first from Peter Berger's Invitation to Sociology and the second from Immanuel Kant's Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. The writer discusses two perspectives on the location of man and his actions in terms of society and ethical practice. The writer notes that although admittedly the objectives of Berger's depiction of modern sociology differs dramatically from Kant's philosophical discussion of ethics as a basis for human action, in both passages their respective authors deal with similar issues related to how human beings exist in the world, and how one should ethically interact with fellow humans.

From the Paper
"In the two passages - the first from Peter Berger's Invitation to Sociology and the second from Immanuel Kant's Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals - we have two perspectives on the location of man and his actions in terms of society and ethical practice. Although admittedly the objectives of Berger's depiction of modern sociology differs dramatically from Kant's philosophical discussion of ethics as a basis for human action, in both passages their respective authors deal with similar issues related to how human beings exist in the world, and how one should ethically interact with fellow humans."

Tags:kant, berger, sociology