Abstract
This paper penetrates into emotional side of parentally bereaved children, how the tragedies have been affecting them socially, and draws a connection between psychopathology in childhood bereavement and parental death. The functions of preventive intervention groups and the Family Bereavement Program (FBP) are described and evaluated in terms of their efficacy in reducing the children's risk of disturbance. The feelings and behavior of bereaved children can be misinterpreted, and there is possible over-representation in psychopathology of childhood bereavement. Other factors that affect the mental health of bereaved children are also discussed. Furthermore, it gives details on the actions taken by the intervention groups in hopes to modify these factors in order to improve the bereavement process.

From the Paper
"This Child Bereavement Study focuses on the effects of parental death have on dependent children, and to "gain a clearer picture of the risk for seriously disturbed behavior in them" . This study was performed as 70 families with 125 bereaved children were chosen at the Greater Boston area, with varying family characteristics (e.g. gender and age of surviving parent, family income, type of death etc.). Parentally bereaved children's responses were then compared with the non-bereaved controls in this sample. Using a semi-structured interview, the surviving parents and their children were assessed at: 4 months after the death, one year after the death and the second year after the death. A child was randomly selected from each family and is paired with a non-bereaved child who matched in age, gender, school grade and socioeconomic background. The control children were interviewed at the same time as the bereaved.
The study used three instruments to measure the children's behavior and emotion: The Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), Perceived Competence Scale for Children, and Locus of Control Scale for Children. Assessment at the first year after the death did not reveal any significant differences between the bereaved and control children. However, by two years, bereaved children scored higher on social withdrawal, anxiety and depression. The data was also examined by age-gender groupings. Adolescent boys and pre-adolescent girls showed no difference from controls at one year, but significant changes appeared in two years. Adolescent girls and pre-adolescent boys did not show differences between the controls at either the first or second year."

Tags:death, depression, developmental, parents, psychopathology

Abstract
This paper examines the assessment of people suffering from bereavement and stress and the reality of persons who cannot 'cope'. After a review of the literature surrounding this subject, the author describes a research project to be carried out with informal written testimony from a random sample of 40 volunteer informants.

Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Review of Literature
Proposed Research Project
Interpreting Results
Last Remarks

From the Paper
"Bereavement Stress and Coping are familiar terms in English-speaking
countries as need modification to reveal the severity of symptoms and
the reality of persons who cannot 'cope'. Stage theories distort, as can
the under-estimation of anxiety, depression or more alarming symptoms
bereaved persons experience well beyond the acute or first year aftermath of loss. One needs awareness of postmodern societies a long average lifespan but also youth, midlife and serial bereavement as common phenomena. Inductive research, as in this paper's proposed project, should harvest the testimony of persons to survive bereavement, as other research must help human services professionals to become oriented to what bereavement stress can really entail, the nature of loss in the early 21st century.

Tags:delivery, empathy, suffering, reflection

Abstract
This paper presents an in-depth literature survey that examines the history and protocol of military benefits, the history of military funeral legislation, and military funeral leave and protocol as defined by federal law. The paper scrutinizes available books, articles, and Internet materials on caring leadership, in general, and on caring leadership as it relates to funeral leave benefits and the caring management of grieving employees. The paper also reviews available literature on caring leadership as a value, qualitatively and in terms of potential financial benefit to a company or organization. The paper presents an analysis and comparison of funeral leave benefits offered by a variety of public organizations and private companies to their employees, comparing them with each other and with those of U.S. military personnel.

Outline
Introduction
Federal Legislation on Military and Government Funerals, Funeral Leave, and Bereavement Leave
Literature on Caring Leadership
Literature on Grief Management in the Workplace
Funeral and Bereavement Leave Policies of Specific Organizations
Potential Advantages and Drawbacks of Incorporating Official Bereavement Processes and Expanded Funeral Benefits for United States Government Employees Other than Military Personnel
Conclusion

From the Paper
"Other documents on military funerals, history, protocol, employee leave, and entitlements surveyed for the study included: Military funerals - A brief history (2005); History of Taps (2005); Funeral leave (2005); Military funeral support (2004); Funeral honors ceremony (2005); Banusiewics (2004), and Military funerals (2002). All of these sources contained also information on military funeral protocol, including the facts that: the military has a litany of regulations regarding its funeral procedures. When military personnel pass, there are federal laws and formal procedures in place to acknowledge them, based on Title 38 of the United States Code, Section 112. Military funeral protocols spelled out by federal law include: (1) At least two military personnel being sent to the funeral; (2) Taps being played by a bugler, if available, and if not, a recording of Taps being played; (3) a 21-gun salute being given to honor a fallen soldier, under particular circumstances;(4) an American flag being first folded thirteen (13) times by the military detail conducting the ceremony, and the folded flag then being given, by the military detail leader, to the next-of kin; (4) special words of condolence being spoken, by the detail leader, to the next-of-kin; and (5) a Certificate of Honor, signed by the current President of the United States, being made available, upon request, to the next of kin."

Tags:death, grieving, compassion

Abstract
This paper defines bereavement and complicated bereavement and discusses how loss(es) from a person's early years impacts the grieving process of a death in the later years. The author describes the inability to adjust, disruption of ability of mourner to carry on daily activities, poor functioning, inability to take part in the grieving process, possible physical ailments and repression. The paper relates methods of intervention and treatment.

From the Paper
"Aiken states that bereavement literally means to be deprived by death. He goes on to note that grief consists of the emotional reactions that accompany loss in general and bereavement in particular."

Tags:attachment, complicated, grief

Abstract
This paper begins with a definition of bereavement and grief. Loss of a spouse is rated as the most stressful life event across all ages and cultural backgrounds. The paper continues to explore the myriad of literature on the topic of dealing with grief in late adulthood. In conclusion, it explores the diagnosis, symptoms and treatment of grief.

From the Paper
"At least 10 -20 percent of widows and widowers develop clinically significant depression during the first year of bereavement, and without treatment, such depressions tend to persist, become chronic and lead to further disability and impairments (Older pp). Bereavement-associated depression often coexists with another type of emotional distress, which has been termed traumatic grief, the symptoms of which, although not formalized as a mental disorder in DSM-IV, appear to be a mixture of symptoms of both pathological grief and post-traumatic stress disorder (Older pp). Such symptoms are extremely disabling, associated with functional and health impairment and with persistent suicidal thoughts, and may well respond to pharmacotherapy (Older pp)."

Tags:death, literature, grief, Freud, spouse

Abstract
This paper explores the issue of childhood bereavement. The paper describes childhood bereavement and relates to the debate about a child's ability to mourn. The paper also discusses how children mourn and emphasizes the stress experienced by the bereaved child. The paper concludes with a review of complicated, uncomplicated and pathological mourning.

Tags:childhood, bereavement, mourning, pathological

Abstract
Human cloning is nearly possible. It may or may not be desirable in ethical or moral terms. It appears to offer the possibility to some bereaved parents who wish to recreate a child who has been lost. However, the question remains of whether or not the reproduced child will have the same personality as the original. It seems hard to argue that both nature and nurture are important in this situation, which seeks to duplicate an already existing personality. Unfortunately for those who might wish to attempt the task, it seems unlikely that their attempts will be successful.

From the Paper
Nature vs. Nurture and the Cloned Human The topic of cloning has led to a great debate on what it means to be a human, particularly in terms of personality. There are people who believe it is possible to reproduce their deceased loved ones, while others believe that it is not only undesirable to make such an attempt, but that it is an impossible goal to achieve. This divide leads to an important question being asked: What is it that makes a person unique? Is a person's personality due to his or her genes, or is it from his or her upbringing? Is it nature, or is it nurture? Cloning human beings has frequently been explored in fiction. One novel

Tags:cloning, personality, levin

Abstract
This paper discusses the costs of a funeral and who benefits most from one. The writer points out that the funeral industry is growing steadily and that there are limitless possibilities in organizing a funeral. The writer weighs the expense of a funeral against the psychological cost of not having one and concludes that ultimately it is the choice of the bereaved to do what feels right for him or her.

From the Paper
"Does death have a price? How much is too much? Where do we draw the line between religiously tasteful, and extravagant displays of pagan gaudiness? Not only in the presentation if one can call it such, but the burden placed on the bereaved with the cost of a funeral. Just as the purchase of a high end Mercedes can be a mark of your social status, so can a person's burial site, and undertaker Mr. Mould asks "why do we spend more on a death than a birth"(qtd. in Anderson and Forrester 93)."

Tags:grief, grave, embalmer, casket, mourn, burial

Abstract
This paper discusses that while psychologists can differentiate between "healthy" and "pathological" responses to death, grief is a highly individual experience for which responses to death are modified by cultures. The paper concludes that there is no panacea for grief; true mourning is the only medicine available for dealing with death, loss and pain.

From the Paper
"Avoidance of mourning can manifest as a superficial covering of meaningless activity, work or addictions. Such behaviors serve to still the painful mental chatter that besets the bereaved and illustrates the difficulty of feeling pain. Self-pity is also a natural response to death, but one that can become pathological in its extreme. Clinging to the past and berating the self for lost words or lost time only serve to deepen the pain of loss."

Tags:healthy, pathological, death, grief, cultures, mourning

Abstract
An essay on perinatal bereavement. A reflective analysis paper, the essay begins with a personal observation of the silence and isolation in which a grieving couple took their leave of a maternity ward. It goes on to consider the importance of a nurse's roles in undertaking bereavement interventions and the ways in which this can be effected.

Tags:perinatal, bereavement, nursing