Abstract
This is a description of the ethnic characteristics of the Berber tribe of N. Africa.

Abstract
This paper covers the Almoravid and Almohad -Berber Kings and the impact that they have had on society, as well as religion throughout time. The paper focuses on the influence that these kings had on northern Africa.

From the Paper
"The history of the Berber people in northern Africa is both extensive and diverse. The name Berber comes from the word barbarians. Berbers make up a clear majority of the population of North Africa; Berber's represent 80% of the population in Morocco and Algeria, more than 60% in Tunisia and Libya and 2% in Egypt. The origin of Berbers is not certain, but it is safest to say that the Berbers were the original population of North Africa."

Tags:africa, almohad, almoravid, berber

Abstract
This paper discusses how through policies of suppression, division, and enculturation, the French colony of Algeria was transformed to match the needs of the French imperialist power. The author analyzes how the French were able to successfully divide the coalition between Arab and Berber populations as a means of exploiting the unwanted and hated Arab people in Algeria.

From the Paper
"The social history of Algeria is relevant to understanding inter-Algerian relations when the French arrived on the Northern coasts. The existing tensions amongst the Arab and Berber majority and minority were rooted in historical myth and memory. The French military was the first to attempt and exploit the strain through careful manipulation of the French presence in the state. Military officials recorded their interactions with local leaders and began to formulate theories designed to create hostilities between Arab and Berber peoples. As a civilian government was instilled by 1871, the official racial policies towards Algerians shifted to accommodate the new regime. During this period, the colonial government sought to curtail the growing resistance movement through a campaign of education and enculturation. The colonial government dangled a wide variety of opportunities to Algerians in the vain hopes that they would abandon the freedom movement and peacefully accept French control of the country. Unfortunately the policies of assimilation would have consequences on the existing balance amongst the people, but they were not significant enough to conceal the popularized fight for independence. During their reign, the French attempted to separate the various ethnic groups in Algeria to facilitate the process of suppressing and ultimately conditioning the Algerians to accept westernized values."

Tags:france berber arab machrib, french military, dey of algiers

Abstract
This paper discusses the history of the Muslim migration into Spain from the early 1000s until the modern day. It looks at how how this migration affected the culture and history of the Spanish locals. It also discusses the Berber peoples and how the Muslims in Spain are still affected today.

From the Paper
"When thinking of Islamic states, the contemporary world lists countries like Iran, Pakistan and Jordan. Yet in he history of the world, there is an almost forgotten Muslim state- al Andalus, the great empire of the Muslims from North Africa that lasted from the year 711, the date of the first Muslim invasion in Spain, to the year 1492, when the last independent Muslim power in Granada was destroyed."

Tags:andalus, berber, empire, grenada

Abstract
The paper focuses on "Sutherland v Hatton", "Maher v. Jabil Global Services" and "Berber v. Dunnes Stores Limited" to examine how English and Irish law concerning liability for occupational stress has developed. The paper highlights the inconsistencies in the decisions made in both jurisdictions which have inevitably led to a flawed test, and furthermore argues that though the Maher and Berber cases represent milestones in the development of this area of tort law, there is a long way to go before any satisfactory or conclusive test can be legitimately used. The paper also considers the future of liability for occupational stress.

Outline:
Introduction
Employers' Liability Extending to Psychiatric Damage
Putting Guidelines in Place - Sutherland v. Hatton
Adoption of the Hatton Principles
Issues Arising from the Hatton and Maher tests
The Scope of an Employers' Duty of Care
Causation
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The first significant case with such circumstances was encountered by the English courts in Walker v Northumberland County Council This plaintiff was a social worker dealing with child abuse cases who suffered two nervous breakdowns; the first as a result of his increasing workload and the second as a result of his employer's continued failure to address the situation. Mr Walker brought an action for damages for personal injuries against his employers, Northumberland County Council, 'alleging breach of its duty of care as his employer in failing to take steps to avoid exposing him to a health endangering workload'. The Court held that there was no reason why psychiatric damage should be considered outside the scope of an employer's duties of care and that the County Council should have taken reasonable steps to prevent the risk of damage to their employee's psychiatric health. Here, Colman J. referred to the aforementioned, and what he referred to as "inter-related", requirements for liability in negligence.
"In other words, the ordinary principles of employer's liability were held to be applicable to a claim for psychiatric illness arising from stress in employment. It was noted nevertheless that such claims would 'often give rise to extremely difficult evidential problems of foreseeability and causation' - a harbinger of things to come."

Tags:forseeability, liability, causation, psychological, health

Abstract
This paper discusses the Jugurthine war fought between the Romans and the Numidian Kingdom, which was ruled by Jugurtha. The paper explains that the Jugurthine war took place in Numidia, which is located near the western coast of Africa where modern-day Algeria is. The paper also explains that Numidia was a kingdom made-up of mostly semi-nomadic Berber tribes that are closely related to the Moors and present-day Moroccans. The paper points out that this war inadvertently exposed the rampant corruption that occurred towards the end of the Roman Republic. The paper concludes that this war served to foreshadow Rome's change from a republic to an empire, and that these leaders squabbled for many years until Julius Caesar took control of Rome as its first emperor in 49 BC.

From the Paper
"Numidia became united during the 2nd Punic War when Masinissa, the chief of the Massyli tribe, united it. They originally were allied with Carthage but ended it when the Romans offered land and money incentives in exchange for the loyalty of the Numidians. Masinissa accepted and the spent the next 50 years ruling over the people that lived on that land. He brought peace to the people and tried to convert them to farmers.
"His death in 148 BC marked the height of the Numidian Kingdoms. Around the same time as his death, the Romans invaded Carthage and essentially destroyed it during the Third Punic War. This left Numidia the largest empire in Northern Africa."

Tags:death, Africa, Julius, Ceasar, corruption

Abstract
Discusses internal issues and problems of the African country. Political, economic, religioius, legal and other conflicts. Electoral corruption, and loss of faith in the electoral process and government. Terrorism, ethnic and factional violence of the Algerian Civil War. Dictorial government & threat of nuclear weapons. Islamic fundamentalist threat. Berber/Arab conflicts.

From the Paper
"Algeria's internal issues reflect those of a number of troubled nations in the region that have a large and active anti-government population of fundamentalist Muslims who seek to establish the nation as a strictly Islamic state. The civil war of the past decade has abated, but the danger of serious instability remains. Algeria is run today by Abdelaziz Bouteflika, a powerful individual whose reign has focused on putting down internal dissension and protests, often brutally. He is backed by the military, and although he was elected, the entire electoral process is under the cloud of corruption. This corruption and suspicion is almost a decade old, since the military usurped the legal power of the fundamentalist party which won the elections in 1992. Electoral corruption and particularly the election of Bouteflika are representative of the ..."

Abstract
This paper explains that the history of the modern Middle East is peppered with revolts and revolutions against European dominance and against self-serving individuals within the culture who attempted to rule the area. The author points out that European colonial imperialism had a capacity of forcing divergent groups to integrate or to marginalize or peripheralize those who are not willing to work within its economic policies. The paper relates that the leaders who fought for their country's freedom had to modernize defensively their military, which also led to modernizing the internal political structure of their nations.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Imperialism
Integration and Peripheralism
Five Biographies
Journeymen
Textile Weavers
The Revolutionaries
Mohand N'Hamoucha, Middle Atlas Berber
Ramadan al-Suwayhli Hero of the Libyan Resistance
Abu Ali al-Kilawi A Damascus Qabaday
Muhammed El Merid - The Man Who Became Qaid
Conclusion

From the Paper
"When Abd al-Krim proclaimed himself the head of a Rifian republic in 1923, it appeared he might be able to take control of northeastern Morocco from Spain. El Merid's efforts to assist the Spanish during this period were noted by Spanish authorities and the made him Quaid of the qabila of Ulad Stut. Muhammed El Merid was the most powerful and influential of the indigenous Spanish protectorate officials in Zaio. He was responsible for day to day law and order, general administration and justice in the tribe. In this position, El Merid was able to acquire and control the lands of the Sebra. Although the other Moroccan groups legally challenged El Merid's claim to this ill gotten land, even when Morocco became an independent state his progeny continued to be the most influential and wealthy members of the notability of Zaio to this day."

Tags:morocco, britain, guild, libya, syria

Abstract
This paper explains that, although the origins of the Basque people are unclear but possibly of Turkish, Magyar or Berber descent, the Basques may be the oldest indigenous race in Europe; their language Euskera has supposedly been traced back to Babel. The author points out that, for centuries, the region south of the Pyrenees was recognized as "una tierra apartada", a self-governing area, subject to an absolute monarchy and had its own code of laws and rights (fueros); in 1876, the Basque country was assimilated into the rest of Spain. The paper relates that the Spanish Civil War had a major impact on the Basque because the Franco regime, which exercised cultural repression over the whole nation, was particularly severe in those regions where a language other than Spanish was spoken.

From the Paper
"The father of Basque nationalism, Sabino Arana, described by Mark Kurlansky as an 'unpleasant zealot', insisted that to be Basque a person's four grandparents must all have been born in the Basque country and have Euskera names - a qualification which would be much modified when the terrorist organization ETA admitted to its membership people whose families came from elsewhere in Spain. Both Arana's party and ETA were officially founded on the saint's day, 31 July, of the Basques' most famous son, Ignatius Loyola. (The first Basque underground movement in the 1950s, formed by a handful of Guipuzcoans, initially called itself by the acronym ATA, unaware that in the dialect of the neighbouring province, Viscaya, ata means 'duck'.) "

Tags:cooperatives, pronouns, artisits, self-governing, nationalist

Abstract
The first part of the paper is an overview of the role of women in Bedouin society. The next part examines how the same gendered divisions can be discerned in societies as diverse as the Yanomamo Indians of northern Brazil and the Berbers of Morocco. In the third part, the paper looks at how the effects of economic development and the forces of modernity reach even into the nomadic tribes of the desert and the rainforests. It examines how these changes have affected the communal relations among the groups and if modernity had effects on their existing gender ideals, and how these ethnic groups have responded.

From the Paper
"Unlike Western society, the Bedouins do not place a great emphasis on the individual. In fact, blood ties serve to link people to the past and "bind them in the present" (41). Members of the Bedouins could trace their lineage back to genealogy, and these blood ties form an important part of their identity. In traditional Bedouin society, outsiders perceive thus people of the same kin interchangeably, and the way one kin member acts or is treated reflects on the entire group.
The foundation of honor in Bedouin society is based on the concept of asl. It is interesting to note that asl is closely linked with a person's genealogy as well. As with the ancient Chinese, who regarded non-Chinese visitors as "barbarians," the Bedouins of the Awlad Ali thus use asl to delineate between people who are of Bedouin and non-Bedouin descent."

Tags:awlad, ali, asl, nomadic, tribe, Yanomamo, Indians, Berbers, Morocco, Brazil