Abstract
This paper looks at the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) that targets discrimination against mentally or physically impaired individuals. The paper discusses the benefits to the disabled worker but notes the disadvantages posed to employers. The paper discusses how affirmative action in the context of the ADA can possibly work if the present ambiguous boundaries are defined.

From the Paper
"The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) is a broad act passed by Congress on January 23, 1990 in response to the pervasiveness of outright discrimination against mentally or physically impaired individuals. Although discrimination with regard to age, sex, religion, ethnic origin, color or race has been observed among individuals and who have been wronged merely by being in one of these categories is prosecutable under current law, it was found that people with disabilities possessed no such legal protection."

Tags:legal, protection, affirmative, action, accommodations, employee, employer

Abstract
In this paper, the advantages of therapeutic recreation for people with physical disabilities are analyzed. The paper discusses how recent legislation forbidding discrimination against those with disabilities has impacted this field. The legislation has stimulated recreational therapists, specialists and educators alike to take on a more active role in providing a wide range of physical and recreational activities for people who have physical disabilities. These activities typically work to help promote the quality of life among people who have disabilities and improve participation, interaction and understanding among their able bodied peers.

Outline:
Causes and Characteristics of Population - Physically Disabled
Importance of Recreation for Population
Role and Place of Recreation in Life
Overview of Legislation Affecting Disabled
Role and Use of Therapeutic Recreation
Specific Recreation Activities to Improve Functioning
Conclusions

From the Paper
"A person who has a physical disability may be defined in multiple ways. Henderson (1999) suggests that a disability can be defined "as a physical or mental impairment that restricts one or more aspects of a person's life" (22). This definition is supported by others who suggest that people who are disabled generally are limited with respect to their ability to participate in certain physical and recreation activities; this suggests a need to explore new ways for identifying how to help people who are disabled experience a full range of activities including physical and therapeutic recreational activities (Henderson, 2002; Austin & Crawford, 1996; Smith, Austin & Kennedy, 1996). "

Tags:recreational, therapy, disabled, Americans, with, Disabilities, Act

Abstract
This paper addresses disabilities and programs related to them, as well as the place of social work in these programs. The two programs concentrated on are the Social Services Disability benefits and the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990. Qualification and assessment for these programs is explained in detail.

Tags:SOCIOLOGY / CRIMINAL JUSTICE, SOCIAL WELFARE, disabilities social services

Abstract
This paper begins by listing the sections of the "Americans with Disabilities Act." The sections are: Employment, Public Services, Public Accommodations, Telecommunications and Miscellaneous. The paper explores each of these sections briefly and then discusses the history of the movement for equality for disabled Americans. The author discusses the disabilities of U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt. The paper also looks into Jerry Lewis's yearly telethons which benefited the Muscular Dystrophy Association, but were associated with a negative influence on the rights of disabled people.

From the Paper
"Title I states that a business must provide reasonable accommodations to protect the rights of individuals with disabilities in all aspects of employment, and may include restructuring jobs, changing the layout of workstations, or modifying equipment (ADA). Other aspects may include the application process, hiring, wages, benefits, and all other aspects of employment, as well as highly regulated medical examinations (ADA). Employers cannot ask job applicants about the existence, nature or severity of a disability, however applicants may be asked about their ability to perform specific job functions (Facts). A job offer may be conditioned on the results of a medical examination, yet only if the examination is required for all entering employees in similar jobs (Facts). Medical examinations of employees must be related to the job and consistent with the employer's business needs (Facts). Under Title II, public services, including state and local government instrumentalities, the National Railroad Passenger Corporation, and other commuter authorities, cannot deny services to individuals with disabilities; participation in programs or activities that are available to those without disabilities, and public transportation systems, such as public transit buses, must by accessible to individuals with disabilities (ADA). Title III states that all new construction and modifications must be accessible to individuals with disabilities, and barriers to services must be removed if readily achievable for existing facilities (ADA). Public accommodations include facilities such as restaurants, hotels, grocery stores, retail stores, as well as privately owned transportation systems (ADA). Under Title IV, telecommunications companies offering telephone service to the general public must have telephone relay service to individuals use devices for the deaf, TTYs, or similar devices (ADA). Title V includes a provision that prohibits either coercing or threatening, or retaliating against the disabled or those attempting to aid a disabled person in asserting their rights under the ADA (ADA). "

Tags:Disabilities, handicapped, Muscular, Dystrophy, Accessibility

Abstract
The following study examines the effects of the Americans with Disabilities Act on the nation's public transportation systems. Considered are the legislation's benefits to Americans with physical and mental disabilities, as well as the effects on those who were not the intended targets of the remedies provided by the law. A review of the literature looks at the possible arguments as they have been seen by experts in the field - politicians, transit planners, advocates for the disabled, etc. Previous studies on the subject are evaluated for what light they may shed on the issue. The researcher also studies the effects of the act more directly by gauging the responses of those who actually make use of such public transit facilities. The researcher presents recommendations for future action, as well as comments on the overall utility of the Americans with Disabilities Act as it applies to the country's public transportation system. Lastly, there are suggestions for future research.

Outline:
Introduction
Literature Review
Method of Research
Results
Conclusion
Further Research

From the Paper
"Each one these ideas, in and of itself, speaks volumes about the need to continue to study the implications of the Americans with Disabilities Act on the very individuals whom it is supposed to help. The themes point up the continued lack of understanding - and even outright - prejudice that comes with attempts at compliance. On a fundamental level, many in officialdom, and among the public, do not appear to comprehend the real needs of the disabled. They do not begin to see how ill-informed many of those in need are, not because they are unaware that there is some sort of help available, but because they cannot obtain anything like adequate or detailed information about the kinds of facilities that work for them. To a visually-impaired man, woman, or child, the availability of printed information on transit access is next to useless. At best it contributes to their continued dependence on other individuals who must translate for them, while at worst it keeps them largely or wholly ignorant of the real opportunities that await them."

Tags:public, transport, disabled, individuals, accessibility, awareness

Abstract
This paper covers the subject of employees with disabilities, disparages stereotypes and sheds light on the fact that employees with disabilities are generally more productive and valuable than able bodied employees. The paper also shows how companies can benefit from hiring these workers.

From the Paper
"Just to grasp how big a pool people with disabilities is in the U.S. holds, the 2000 Census showed that there were 21.3 million people with disabilities and of the working age (McCary, 2005). Approximately 56.6% from this pool were employed, compared to 77.2% of Americans without reported disabilities (Blanck, Kruse, & Schur, 2005). Obviously there is a something going on by way of a disadvantage for these employees, as so many are out of work, and a survey in 2000 showed that 67% of the unemployed really did want to work, but simply could not get hired (Blanck et al., 2005)."

Tags:employers, disadvantage, competitive

Abstract
This paper examines how the American Disability Act (ADA) was created for the benefit of millions of Americans with disabilities, such as blindness and paralysis, and how it provides rules and guidelines that take care of and protect those who suffer from disabilities from access to social environment. It shows how one of the guidelines in ADA is to remove and eliminate problems encountered in ATM access by the disabled persons and how, in 1992, ADA guidelines were implemented for ATMs in a law that resolves the concerns of Americans with disabilities. It analyzes the effect of these guidelines on ATMs, as well as bank issues, and the proposed ATM technological changes.

From the Paper
"The proposal of the Access Board to allow speech capabilities on ATMs presents a number of issues to manufacturers of the machines and to the banks. First, the cost of implementing the proposed changes on existing machines is expensive, granting that each bank maintains a large number of ATMs. Second, ATMs has lifespan. Instead of upgrading ATMs whose lifespan is near to expire, after the effect of the revised ADA, replacement of expiring machines is a more practical option. Such will cause burden on the banks. Third, enhancement of existing machines presents difficulty to manufacturers. The flexibility of the proposed changes of supporting speech capabilities to facilitate ATM access for the visually impaired will require time, effort, and new materials to modify the machines."

Tags:blind, deaf, guidelines, social, environment

Abstract
This paper explains that, prior to the passage of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA - Public Law 94-142), upon which the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997 (Public Law 105-17) is based, over half the children with disabilities in United States did not receive appropriate educational services. The author points out that today IDEA ensures that every child with a disability is given a free and customized public education, with the least restrictions, granting of certain rights to parents; the law guarantees that the children are not segregated or removed from the classroom altogether on the basis of their disabilities. The paper stresses that the six principles of IDEA can not be truly implemented and benefited unless all affected parties including parents and the schools have an understanding of the law and implemented it fully.

Table of Contents:
Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
Appropriate Evaluation
Individualized Education Program (IEP)
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Parent and Student Participation in Decision Making
Procedural Due Process
Conclusion

From the Paper
"It used to be a common scene for parents to be told by school administrators that they did not have any plan for their disabled children. But not any more. With the introduction of new amendments in the form of IDEA, all children (ages 3 to 21) with disabilities are entitled to a free, and appropriate public education. The state and local school systems are made responsible to organize and pay for the education even if it is provided in a private or residential school outside of the local public school system. "

Tags:free, customized, public, parents, administrators

Abstract
The paper discusses how the United States Supreme Court, as well as federal district and state courts, define employee rights and an employer's liability for employment law violations. The paper explains that the trend is clear: treatment on the job, including hiring, firing, and promotions, must be based on qualifications and merit and not on race, gender, age, sexual preference, disability or how one responds to sexual advances in the workplace.

Tags:job, discrimnation, benefits

Abstract
The writer explains the concept of inclusion; mainstreaming children with disabilities in regular schools. The author says that this is largely due to the requirements of federal law which encourages the inclusion of disabled students in normal education. The benefits and difficulties of inclusion are studied with the writer including his/her personal opinion that inclusion is beneficial not only for the disabled child, but for the non-disabled student as well. The writer explains the teaching processes that would be employed and concludes that although inclusion may be difficult, it can be successful.

From the Paper
"In the 1700's the idea of helping the disabled was initiated during the French Enlightenment. This approach was to spread and the first school in America to help a disabled group, the Asylum for the Education and Instruction of Deaf and Dumb Persons, was opened in Connecticut in 1817. (Including the Disabled Student) This was to lead to other schools such as the Massachusetts School for Idiotic and Feeble-Minded Children in 1850, which was one of the first institutions set up specifically for mentally retarded children.
"The realization that separation from others did not advance the education and treatment of the disabled was understood by, among others, Alexander Graham Bell. He wrote that, "Exclusive association with one another...only aggravates the peculiarities that differentiate them from other people, whereas, it is our object by instruction, to do away with these differences, to the greatest extent possible."

Tags:special, needs, schooling