Abstract
This paper is a summary and critique of the article "Psychopharmacology for Young Children: Clinical Needs and Research Opportunities," by Benedetto Vitiello. According to the review, the article contends that psychotropic drugs currently being prescribed for children under 6 years of age have not been adequately tested for safety and efficacy in that age group.

From the Paper
"The Pediatrics article by Benedetto Vitiello 'Psychopharmacology for Young Children: Clinical Needs and Research Opportunities' addresses concerns about the increasing use of psychotropic medications in preschoolers for treating attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) despite the fact that the safety and efficacy of these drugs have not been thoroughly evaluated for preschoolers. Compounding the issue is the fact of diagnostic uncertainty surrounding most manifestations of psychopathology in early childhood (Vitiello) The author points out that recent surveys indicate a sizable increase in the..."

Tags:ADHD, toddler, preschooler, pharmacology, clonidine, drugs, medications, psychotropic

From the Paper
"How does a work of art come to be? It might seem necessary to define "work of art" before one proceeds to answer this question, but many thinkers find it necessary to introduce notions of creation when trying to distinguish works of art from other sorts of objects. The situation seems to be this: If one answers the question, "What is a work of art," one will presuppose an answer to "How does a work of art come to be?" And if one answers the question, "How does a work of art come to be," one will presuppose an answer to the question, "What is a work of art?" How can we escape the circle?
It seems sound to say that works of art are differentiated from natural objects because human making (creation) is necessary to the former but not to the latter. But not all artifacts, or ... "

Abstract
The paper introduces and analyzes Ignacio Silone's novel "Bread and Wine". Specifically, it analyzes the statement "'School is not life, my dear Don Benedetto,' Concettino said. 'At school you dream, in life you have to adapt yourself. That is the reality. You never become what you would like to become'" (Silone 15) as it relates to the characters of the novel, especially Pietro. The paper examines whether transformation really does occur for any of the characters, who is transformed, who is not and, most importantly, who really becomes who they "would like to become".

From the Paper
"If there is one character in the story who is not transformed it is Bianchina. She worships Don Paolo the priest, but inside she is still the same girl she was at the beginning of the story, her knowing Pietro has not transformed her at all. In the country she would have disgraced her family had she given birth to the illegitimate child, and she learns nothing from her mistake. When she travels to Rome, she becomes a prostitute, saying "In Fossa I was bored to death" (Silone 296). She is a simple person, with no need for revolution or redemption, and she realizes it. In fact, she admits her only hope in life is Pietro, but she is enough of a realist to know he will not ever feel the same about her. "It is the only thing that keeps me alive now, and it doesn't cost you anything" (Silone 299)."

Tags:Spina, Fascist, priest, Uliva, Don, Benedetto

Abstract
The paper discusses the protagonist Franny Benedetto and the struggles she faces from an urban sociological standpoint. The paper explains that Franny Benedetto is a victim of domestic abuse, and she leaves her husband with her son to relocate. The paper assesses the physical and psychological ramifications of her situation.

From the Paper
"Franny Benedetto (aka Elizabeth Crenshaw) had to negotiate in "Black and Blue". The protagonist of Anna Quindlen's "Black and Blue", Franny Benedetto, had much to negotiate when she entered the witness protection program to be safe from her abusive husband, Bobby Benedetto. Familialy, she had two very important relationships that changed, though the book insinuates that the cycle of abuse doesn't change, and though Franny, at the end of the..."

Tags:black and blue, social work, women

Abstract
This paper begins by situating Alessandro Portelli's oral history in the context of the postwar reaction in Italy against the historical theories of the influential Neapolitan philosopher Benedetto Croce. It then proceeds to a discussion of Portelli's methodology by reference above all to the essay "The Death of Luigi Trastulli", whose starting point is the death at the hands of the police of a young Terni steelworker in 1949. The paper shows that Portelli's oral history methodology was inspired by his path-breaking discovery that erroneous memories possess historical value. It then concludes by raising some possible criticisms of the methodology.

From the Paper
"Finally, by way of conclusion, the comment might be made that Portelli s approach can seem naive. Because he seems normally to interview people whose politics he shares, he constantly seeks out factors to explain discrepancies in accounts which lend their motives a degree of nobility which they probably do not always deserve. To this reader, a fair proportion of the stories he reviews in relation to the Trastulli event have more than a hint of self-exculpation about them. One fears that Portelli s methodology, which seeks to minimize difference between historian and speaker, may, in the end, unwittingly elevate the incorrigible liar to the same status as the conscientious reporter."

Tags:Italian, fascism, Gramsci, The, Prison, Notebooks

Abstract
In a relationship where the woman is constantly abused, emotions often propel her toward staying with the abuser. This paper discusses the emotional dynamics involved in these types of relationships. It questions why abused women stay with their partners and even claim to love them. The paper uses Anna Quindlen's book "Black and Blue" and Roddy Doyle's "The Women Who Walked into Doors" to explore these issues.

From the Paper
"A woman involved in an abusive relationship often grew up being abused. Therefore, she has learned how to cope with the abuse even seeing the abuse as almost "normal" or an "acceptable" part of everyday life. In Anna Quindlen's book Black and Blue, the main character, Frannie Flynn Benedetto, states, "There are ways and ways of dying, and some of them leave you walking around. I'd learned that from watching my father, and my husband, too" (Quindlen, p. 13). Frannie Flynn Benedetto makes a comparison between the behavior of her father and her abusive husband. One may infer by her statement that while growing up with her father, she learned how to live and get along in an abusive family situation."

Tags:Paula, Spencer, Frannie, Benedetto