Abstract This paper discusses the theories of war and whether they are just or unjust. It analyzes various reasons why countries may go to war with one another. It also looks at external considerations that should be taken into account before going to war, such as potential civilian losses. The paper analyzes the concepts of internal and external jus in bello with regards to going to war. It then looks at the concept of jus ad bellum.
From the Paper "Technological advances, however, do not alter the fact that reasons to go to war, the casualties of human life in the process of war and the moral concepts behind beginning wars still must be considered. Nations, regardless of their world position or allies, must be capable of entering battle with behaviors that are just. These behaviors allow people to determine when there is no other alternative to prevent unjust actions from occurring but to enter a war. Without these principles to guide leaders and those involved in military operations the world would be subjected to only terrorism and each person that participating in retaliatory measures would be no more than terrorists themselves."
Tags: jus, in, bello, jus, ad, bellum, enforcement, violence
Abstract This paper examines two important elements involved in conducting a just war. The first of these elements is called 'jus ad bellum'. 'Jus ad bellum' is the rationale by which a rubric is created to explain the situations under which a nation may undertake a war for a just cause. The second major element of a just war is known as 'jus in bello'. This element of the just war requires that, after one has made the rational decision to go to war, the war is conducted in a just fashion. The paper makes reference to ?The Conduct of Just and Limited War" by William O'Brien.
From the Paper "The second requirement of jus ad bellum is the issue of just cause, which O?Brien breaks down into four further subcategories, including "the substance of the just cause, the forms of pursuing just cause, the requirement of proportionality of ends and means, and the requirement of exhaustion of peaceful remedies" (O?Brien 545). It must be remembered that these requirements are so stringent because the Just War requires that every method accept for war be used before aggression. The substance of the just cause must then be extremely urgent and should involve protecting ?the innocent from unjust attack,? restoring ?rights wrongfully denied,? or reestablishing "a just order" .
Tags: rational, government, orders, army, soldier, moral
Abstract The evolution of literature in America has been an extraordinary process, where its development from humble descriptions of exploration to extraordinary works of fiction demonstrates a comparable form of development within the American people. This paper explores the concept of "American Literature" in respect to its evolution from the Columbian period through the Ante- Bellum period.
Abstract It provides a brief overview of these differences from earliest settlement through the ante-bellum. What are the effects of the cold war in US politics? And how do they affect society on a social level"This three-page paper is on "What are the effects of the cold war in US politics" And how do they affect society on a social level?"
Examines the techniques used by Southern plantation and slave owners to control their slaves following the American Revolution through the anti- bellum period.
1,650 words (approx. 6.6 pages), 1 source, 2002, $ 62.95
Abstract This paper focuses on how the Southern plantation owners perceived themselves as being a form of American aristocracy. Also, this paper investigates the concept of the "peculiar institution" of slavery and how the slaves were conditioned to accept the mindset that this concept promoted: The "peculiar institution" of slavery is explored in respect to the evidence which suggests that the slaves were not entirely subject to the conditions that the "peculiar institution" imposed on their lifestyles.
Abstract The paper offers a discussion of Charles Chesnutt's stories in "The Conjure Woman" and compares them to W. E. B. Du Bois' "The Souls of Black Folk." The paper focuses on post-bellum slavery, symbolism and capitalism.
From the Paper "The collection of stories in Charles W Chesnutt's "The Conjure Woman" embody a view of the post-bellum South that depicts concepts of slave, master free, owned economics, humanity and the exploitation of capitalism versus the natural land. The truth of the matter is that the position of the freed slave in the post-bellum South was still one of bondage."
Tags: slaves, gothic, Uncle Julius, education, South
Abstract This essay compares and contrasts Caroline Compson and Dilsey Gibson as mother figures within the novel "The Sound and the Fury" by William Faulkner. This paper is written within the terms of their relative positive and negative influence on the Compson family, and the Compson children in particular. Throughout the novel Caroline Compson, the children's real mother, is lacking as either a mother figure or a positive influence of any kind, while Dilsey Gibson admirably fulfills both roles. Faulkner, though, implies hope for the Compsons, and, by association, post-Reconstruction South itself. The conclusion allows that in reflecting on the relative strengths and weaknesses of Caroline and Dilsey, it is clear that Dilsey Gibson, not Caroline Compson, finally exerts more influence over the Compson family.
From the Paper "Both Caroline Compson and her husband, Jason Compson III, are neglectfully detached from their children. It is Caroline's chronic self-absorption, however (at her children's expense) that, as Faulkner implies, is more hurtful and damaging to them. Caroline seems interested in two things only. The first is her own self, and her numerous personal needs, rather these are imaginary or real. The second is her family's declining social importance within Jefferson. Caroline is in fact so obsessed with the latter that when it becomes clear that the child originally named Maury, after Caroline's brother Maury Bascomb is severely mentally retarded, Caroline changes his name to Benjamin ("Benjy"), so as not to reflect badly on the older Maury, or her family name. Clearly, from that example alone, we recognize that Caroline's first affections and loyalties are not to her children."
Abstract This paper examines several concepts of morality and waging war, and showed that the US intervention in Iraq is morally acceptable. The author then describes a set of normative conditions developed by military theorists that must be met in order to consider a military action morally justified. The author further develops these concepts. The paper concludes by stating that the U.S. was justified in going to war in Iraq based on the five conditions of jus ad bellum--the right to go to war.
From the Paper "Concerning the matter of "legitimate authority", it is a case of internal authorization of the legislative for the executive branch to conduct foreign policy, as "a war is just only if waged by a legitimate authority. Such authority is rooted in the notion of state sovereignty and derived from popular consent" . The US federal Constitution, in order to regulate and insure that the people through the Congress regulates a strict control over the executive power and subsequently over the capacity to manage foreign relations, demands that the Congress approve actions taken by the President in matters concerning foreign policy. Pursuant to this constrains, the US invasion of Iraq in March 2003 had the full support of the Congress assembled, expressed even by a "Joint Resolution to Authorize the Use of United States Armed Forces against Iraq". This text stated that "The Congress of the United States supports the efforts by the President to obtain prompt and decisive action by the Security Council to ensure that Iraq abandons its strategy of delay, evasion and noncompliance and promptly and strictly complies with all relevant Security Council resolutions ". Furthermore, it goes on to authorize the President "to use the Armed Forces of the United States as he determines to be necessary and appropriate in order to defend the national security of the United States against the continuing threat posed by Iraq and to enforce all relevant United Nations Security Council Resolutions regarding Iraq" . Thus, considering this action, the presidency was indeed given the proper declaration of legitimacy in order to wage war on Iraq."
Abstract This paper begins by noting that war is not just a topic discussed simply in history textbooks but also a subject of philosophers. The paper then examines the positions of many philosophers, which serve as guidelines for the making of war. The paper discusses the theory, which President Bush used to go to war in Iraq, and to which the author is opposed. The author concludes that, today, the question arises as to what philosophy of war, if any, should be internationally adopted and for what reasons it should be followed, as a justifiable war may not be universal for all nations.
Table of Content:
Just War Theory
Just Ad Bellum & Jus In Bello
Realism
Pacifism
Justified Short-Of-War Force?
Judgement
From the Paper "There are many views that disagree with the Bush Doctrine. Primarily, it is a clear violation of international law. As stated previously, only the United Nations has the right to approve a state of war (The United Nations). Anup Shah writes within his article the many controversies surrounded with the Bush Doctrine. One major problem Shah notes is the disability of international peace when the United States when it withdrew from the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty. This coincided the same time when the Bush Doctrine was released."
Tags: guidelines, ethical, aggression, realists, bush
