Abstract
This paper discusses the book 'Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life' by Alex Bellos. According to the paper, this book examines the influence that the game of soccer has had on the life and culture of Brazilians.

From the Paper
"Soccer is arguably the most popular sport in the world, certainly so within the Western world. In Brazil, specifically, the popularity and cult devotion to the sport surge to levels unseen in much of the rest of the world. Alex Bellos charts this popularity and the ways in which soccer infuses Brazilian culture with its essence in the book Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life. In this text, which synthesizes information from a variety of sources, Bellos examines the influence of soccer in Brazil from personal, psychological, sociological, anthropological, and historical perspectives. The result is a surprisingly readable book that treats soccer in Brazil with the same kind of awe and respect that the Brazilians themselves have for the influence of the sport in their daily lives. Bellos begins this study by first making the point that for the whole of the nation of Brazil, soccer is considered to be an art form (1)."

Tags:soccer, brazil, review

Abstract
This paper discusses the theories of war and whether they are just or unjust. It analyzes various reasons why countries may go to war with one another. It also looks at external considerations that should be taken into account before going to war, such as potential civilian losses. The paper analyzes the concepts of internal and external jus in bello with regards to going to war. It then looks at the concept of jus ad bellum.

From the Paper
"Technological advances, however, do not alter the fact that reasons to go to war, the casualties of human life in the process of war and the moral concepts behind beginning wars still must be considered. Nations, regardless of their world position or allies, must be capable of entering battle with behaviors that are just. These behaviors allow people to determine when there is no other alternative to prevent unjust actions from occurring but to enter a war. Without these principles to guide leaders and those involved in military operations the world would be subjected to only terrorism and each person that participating in retaliatory measures would be no more than terrorists themselves."

Tags:jus, in, bello, jus, ad, bellum, enforcement, violence

Abstract
This paper begins by noting that war is not just a topic discussed simply in history textbooks but also a subject of philosophers. The paper then examines the positions of many philosophers, which serve as guidelines for the making of war. The paper discusses the theory, which President Bush used to go to war in Iraq, and to which the author is opposed. The author concludes that, today, the question arises as to what philosophy of war, if any, should be internationally adopted and for what reasons it should be followed, as a justifiable war may not be universal for all nations.

Table of Content:
Just War Theory
Just Ad Bellum & Jus In Bello
Realism
Pacifism
Justified Short-Of-War Force?
Judgement

From the Paper
"There are many views that disagree with the Bush Doctrine. Primarily, it is a clear violation of international law. As stated previously, only the United Nations has the right to approve a state of war (The United Nations). Anup Shah writes within his article the many controversies surrounded with the Bush Doctrine. One major problem Shah notes is the disability of international peace when the United States when it withdrew from the Anti Ballistic Missile Treaty. This coincided the same time when the Bush Doctrine was released."

Tags:guidelines, ethical, aggression, realists, bush

Abstract
This paper examines two important elements involved in conducting a just war. The first of these elements is called 'jus ad bellum'. 'Jus ad bellum' is the rationale by which a rubric is created to explain the situations under which a nation may undertake a war for a just cause. The second major element of a just war is known as 'jus in bello'. This element of the just war requires that, after one has made the rational decision to go to war, the war is conducted in a just fashion. The paper makes reference to "The Conduct of Just and Limited War" by William O'Brien.

From the Paper
"The second requirement of jus ad bellum is the issue of just cause, which O'Brien breaks down into four further subcategories, including "the substance of the just cause, the forms of pursuing just cause, the requirement of proportionality of ends and means, and the requirement of exhaustion of peaceful remedies" (O'Brien 545). It must be remembered that these requirements are so stringent because the Just War requires that every method accept for war be used before aggression. The substance of the just cause must then be extremely urgent and should involve protecting "the innocent from unjust attack," restoring "rights wrongfully denied," or reestablishing "a just order" .

Tags:rational, government, orders, army, soldier, moral

Abstract
This article provides an analysis of Jean Elshtain argument that force should be used against terrorists. The writer contends that although Elshtain makes a persuasive case for a realistic version of the Christian just war doctrine to fight terror, she fails to spell out certain aspects of her thesis.

From the Paper
"This research paper describes and assesses Jean Elshtain's argument for the use of force against terrorists in her book "Just War Against Terror" and assesses it in the light of just war theories and my own approach to the subject. Since the end of the cold war international peace and order have been threatened by the potentially lethal consequences of internal political instability within states including conflicts of ethnic and religious origin, the rise of terrorist groups and the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction ... "

Tags:just, war, jus, ad, bello, jus, in, bello, war, convention