Abstract The war aims of the belligerents in World War One are diverse and complex. This paper will consider them according to the following tripartite categorization: political, economic, and security issues. It will be shown that although the different belligerents may have differed in the emphasis each one placed on the different categories, they all shared essentially the same aims in the war: expression of nationalistic pride, the protection of national commerce, and the security of their nations against the belligerence of other states.
Abstract This paper looks at how "The Reluctant Belligerent: American Entry into World War II" by Robert A. Divine chronicles the history of American isolationist diplomatic policy and quasi-isolationist diplomatic policy up to and slightly after the onset of America's entry into World War II. It examines how Divine's book argues that American policy actually exacerbated the international tensions that existed before America's entry into the war. It also discusses how the book suggests that American policy prolonged the subsequent world conflict, rather than stemming or containing the conflict's eventual spread to the far corners globe.
From the Paper "Divine, despite his stress upon a conceptual framework of isolationism versus interventionism in international affairs, still used the methods of an historian to structure his text. Thus, he took a chronological approach to the evolving conflict between America and Europe over the preceding decade to intervention and mobilization. What was so interesting about this approach, first and foremost, for a student of American history, was that Divine showed the evolving conflict from an American perspective, even though America was not formerly involved in the war at the time. Usually, American history books focus merely upon the Great Depression during the period, prior to America's entry into World War II but after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Divine did examine how the economic impact of the depression affected America's perceptions as an international diplomatic actor and reactor."
This paper analyzes "The Theology of the Reformers" by Timothy George, which presents the lives and teachings of three great religious reformers: Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwingli and Menno Simons.
Abstract This paper explains that, in his book "The Theology of the Reformers", Timothy George does not avoid presenting difficulties to believers but assists the reader in gaining faith and knowledge of God through the reformers. The author presents in detail the lives and beliefs of Martin Luther, Huldrych Zwinglu, who is considered the most important reformer in the Swiss Protestant Reformation and the only major reformer of the 16th century whose movement did not evolve into a church, and Menno Simons, who is the founder of a loosely related group of Reformation believers known today as Mennonites. The paper states that all three reformers were presented in a sympathetic light; however, George does not stop from showing the reformers belligerently holding on to their divisive approaches to the sacraments, when compromise or at least temporary concession may have been better for the church at large.
Table of Contents:
Introduction
Martin Luther
Huldrych Zwingli
Menno Simons
Conclusion
From the Paper "Martin Luther was a Christian theologian and Augustinian monk whose teachings inspired the Protestant Reformation and deeply influenced the doctrines of Protestant and other Christian traditions. Martin Luther was born to Hans and Margaretha Luder on 10 November 1483 in Eisleben, Germany and was baptized the next day on the feast of St. Martin of Tours. Luther's call to the Church to return to the teachings of the Bible resulted in the formation of new traditions within Christianity and the Counter-Reformation in the Roman Catholic Church, culminating at the Council of Trent."
Abstract This paper argues that the phenomenon of "total war", the total mobilization of the human, economic, and material resources of belligerent nations for the total destruction of the enemy, was born on the Western Front in World War I with the convergence of science, technology, and ambitious war plans. Discusses the war plans of the Germans, British, and French, the industrial mobilization in the combative nations, and the different forms of warfare developed and implemented.
From the Paper "No single event shaped the 20th century as The Great War. The blazing guns of August in 1914 created a new world order and a new standard by which modern wars were fought, phrased by German General Erich Ludendorff in 1935 as der totale kreig, or total war. This phenomenon was the unlimited warfare waged as a result of the total mobilization of the human, economic and material resources of belligerent nations. In many ways the totality of WWI was born as synthesis of the independent developments in technology and industry, military organization and planning, and the breakdown of diplomacy that had evolved over time and wars, aligning themselves by 1914 to produce a war of attrition that would leave its mark on the remainder of the new century."
Abstract This paper attempts to define combatancy and who is considered a combatant. It also looks at some of the questions concerning morality that arise from humans participating in combat and its consequent killing of humans.
From the Paper "Innocent implies without guilt. Can a combatant ever be without guilt? In 1945 it was figured that only 15% of US riflemen used their weapon. As the US was heavily engaged in combat around the world for three years, one must assume that many a soldier avoided killing whenever possible. These passive soldiers were most likely conscripts who were compelled to serve their country. They generally would have been raised on religious principles that include the sanctity of life. If they had wanted to kill there was certainly no lack of opportunity at this time. So obviously there were no small number of armed soldiers that had no intent to kill. Without compulsion they may not even be armed. Perhaps these combatants were innocent. Perhaps they were not combatants at all but just teenage boys in a uniform and carrying a rifle."
Abstract As the dragon awakens, the bear, it appears, hibernates. Recently, the flowering of the Red Chinese economy has turned the eyes of Western security wonks eastward. Disquieted by the possibility of a military force built on years of stunning growth rates, American policymakers have sounded increasing alarms about the regional territorial intentions of this new potential hegemony. Whether due to post-Soviet optimism, hyper-power arrogance, or simply inability to hold too many thoughts simultaneously, this paper shows that analysts have drifted away from concerns about Russia as a credible enemy. The paper argues that, despite the obvious decline in Russian military and economic power, it may remain a potential opponent to the West in coming years. In an attempt to understand this possibility, the paper frames Russia today, politically, economically, and militarily, in relation to a variety of contemporary theories on the causes of war. Employing these theories, the paper judges the factors that would seem to make Russia more or less prone to belligerence. Beyond a simple discussion of various hypotheses, the paper sketches some possible scenarios of conflict in the foreseeable future.
From the Paper "So how does Russia fit into this equation? It is, at least nominally, in a transition from Communism to democracy. Reality though, as Churchill suggested, is opaque. Putin's state is far from liberal, but has maintained many inherent structural characteristics of a democracy. No serious party leader has articulated any political alternative to democracy, and democratic norms remain pervasive in society at large. The most commonly applied term for the Russian case is "managed democracy." What is worrying is that managed democracy is essentially a bargain. In exchange for promises of economic growth and stability, the masses surrender their rights to question the primacy of the regime."
Abstract This paper states that never before in history has a man violated as many legal obligations as Saddam Hussein; therefore, 1991 Persian Gulf War has become one of the most significant international events of all time. The author points out that the most obvious violation made by Saddam Hussein was in waging a war of aggression against Kuwait. The paper relates that Iraq violated many treaties such as the United Nations and the Pact of the League of Arab States, all of the Security Council's Resolutions and many laws of war, neutrality and belligerent occupation including carrying out a sneak attack, missile terror attacks against civilian populations, the mistreatment of prisoners of war and finally environmental terrorism.
From the Paper "Another violation of the laws of wars committed by Iraq in the Gulf War was the mistreatment of the prisoners of war. All of the United States armed forces that were taken prisoner by Iraq were mistreated to some degree which is more violations by Iraq under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. CNN aired footage on January 20, 1991 of American and other prisoners of war that claimed that there was definite mistreatment of them at the hands of the Iraqi's. This mistreatment goes against Article 13 of the Geneva Convention that states, "Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated....Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity." The fact that these prisoners of war were shown on CNN, the worldwide news program situated at the center of the Gulf Crisis, shows that article 13 was violated since the prisoners were not protected against public curiosity."
Abstract This paper examines to what extent did strategic preparation for the Russo-Japanese War determine the success of the belligerents in its outcome. It also looks at which side did the better job of planning for the termination of the war. The paper shows that there is no doubt that the Japanese were more prepared than the Russians in the Russo-Japanese War of 1904-1905. While the Russians were trying to become an imperial nation without understanding the costs associated with being one, the Japanese drew up a plan to confront the Russians. The keystone to this plan included a naval buildup to control the seas surrounding Japan, and a system of alliances that would eliminate foreign intervention. In addition, Japan studied its enemy and devised a strategy that would cripple the Russian fleet and capture the Korean peninsula. The paper shows that the Russians had no plan except for the complete overthrow of Japan and its disarmament. While Russia did not use the tools necessary to win a decision, Japan planned and executed an almost flawless limited war against a much greater power.
Paper Outline
Introduction
The Seeds of War
Preparing for Battle
Balance of Power
Planning of the War
Termination of the War
Conclusion
Bibliography
From the Paper "As stated previously, Japanese strategists had studied the future conflict and made key assumptions. These assumptions focused on the fact that Japan had to prevent Russia from escalating the conflict and asserting its full strength in the war. Lastly, Japan would have to convince Russia that it could not win. It has already been seen that escalation would have been difficult as Russia was already diplomatically isolated and could not bring in new allies. In addition, Russian could not truly expand the war since Japan controlled the seas, and an attack on the Japanese islands was unlikely. Lastly, since Japan had limited objectives and never invaded Russian soil, the quantity and quality of Russian troops never developed."
Tags: mahan, sun, tzu, Manchuria, Vladivostok, Port, Arthur
Abstract The focus of this paper is the pivotal period between the 1850s and the 1920s when the rates of Chinese immigration to America and Canada were at their highest. It considers which country had the more belligerent West by examining the ideas, legislation and practicalities that formed the Chinese experience in California and British Columbia between 1850 and 1930. It also examines the perception of the Chinese newcomers by Canadians and Americans, the social experiences of the Chinese in settling into their new homes and the economic experiences they had in trying to make ends meet in the face of barriers that both federal and state/provincial governments had made.
From the Paper "Whilst historians of the American and Canadian Wests have focused their attention on the working lives of men in cities and in the mines, studies of Chinese womens' experiences have tended to be treated as a separate topic. In 1986 historian Anne Butler pointed out that women's history was lacking in an examination of the experiences of 'Oriental' women. This may be partially due to the absence of writings on Chinese women in California and British Columbia in the nineteenth century and for much of the twentieth century. Indeed, Judy Yung has commented that "life under exclusion [...has...] necessitated a pact of silence among Chinese immigrants about their past.""
Abstract The paper analyzes the ancient texts; the "Art of War" and "The Wisdom of the Desert" in terms of their underlying philosophies and concludes that it is evident that they share a number of philosophical similarities. The paper offers the example that they are both manuals on the conduct of warfare which focus on the spiritual, psychological and intellectual aspects of human conflict. The paper explains that although the "Art of War" pertains to physical warfare as well, it is founded upon higher Chinese moral philosophy and personal introspection which makes it applicable to many non-belligerent activities, including moral choices and daily-life situations.
Abstract This paper presents a detailed examination of Japan 1941-1945 and the acts of belligerence that the nation displayed including the attack on Pearl Harbor. The paper examines the strategy behind the bombing of Hiroshima. The paper further examines the fact that had Japan remained more patient she would not have had to engage in a war or wake the American sleeping giant with an unprovoked attack.
Outline:
Introduction
History
Why They Did It
How the Bomb Changed Japan's Strategic Thinking
Conclusion
From the Paper "The second thing that American leaders were conscious of was the fact that America still had not made an earth shattering impression to the world about what would happen if any nation ever again thought it could attack on American soil. "
"With the information and belief that Japan was readying to surrender the war American leaders had to move quickly or the window of opportunity would be forever lost. If a bomb was dropped following a surrender America would simply look like a bully, not a defensive action nation."
"The decision to drop the bomb also brought a discussion that it would most likely prolong the war as Japan answered the attack by America, however, the real reaction instead was a surprisingly quick and peaceful surrender shortly after the bombs hit their targets."
This paper looks at the proliferation of antisocial behavior against gay people, examines theories related to homophobia, and reports on the research available.
Abstract This paper reports on problems with violence against gays in the military and in everyday life, explaining that it is basically a "hate crime", but does not receive the same status in all areas of the country. The author points out that one of several reasons offered why a person might develop a belligerent attitude toward gay people is the Freudian notion that, since all children have repressed yet strong attractions to their "same-sex parent", later in life the male individual puts up a defense against that attraction in the form of hatred towards men who engage in homosexual activities. The paper explains that other reasons are that anti-gay persons are not likely to have had any personal contact with gays and that many gay "bashers" have grown up with parents and church influences that identify gays as mentally ill child molesters.
Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review
From the Paper "Van Der Meer describes most violent perpetrators in Western cultures as having had a "rite of passage" that takes three phases. The first, he doesn't "give a shit about anything," rejects parental leadership, and feels as if he is a "nobody"; the second phase is the "liminal period," the so-called "group solidarity" during which he is "forced to participate." The group may begin in a bar simply joking about gays, then actually see one, and while attacking a gay man, nobody in the group can back out lest he be rejected from the solidarity."
Abstract This paper argues that, most of the time, Canada was a loyal ally of the U.S. during the first three decades of the Cold War. The paper also argues, however that, in the period from 1968 to 1975, Canada deviated from America in substantial ways because of a more belligerent form of nationalism and because of the desire of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to carve for himself a distinctive path in Canadian political history. The paper concludes that Canada may have failed to "tow the line" on occasion, but its record as an ally of Washington's is a strong one, especially during the late 1940s, 1950s and most of the 1960s.
From the Paper "In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Canada's contribution to continental air security extended beyond simply being a welcome cushion for America in the event of an all-out war. Firstly, Canada erected, maintained and operated the Mid-Canada or McGill Radar Warning Line - an installation that paralleled the complex US Pine Tree System. The existence of the Mid-Canada Radar Warning Line says a couple things about Canada during this period: firstly, it says that Canada was willing to expend large sums of money on a defense project that would benefit America as well as the Dominion."
