Abstract
This paper looks at how "The Reluctant Belligerent: American Entry into World War II" by Robert A. Divine chronicles the history of American isolationist diplomatic policy and quasi-isolationist diplomatic policy up to and slightly after the onset of America's entry into World War II. It examines how Divine's book argues that American policy actually exacerbated the international tensions that existed before America's entry into the war. It also discusses how the book suggests that American policy prolonged the subsequent world conflict, rather than stemming or containing the conflict's eventual spread to the far corners globe.

From the Paper
"Divine, despite his stress upon a conceptual framework of isolationism versus interventionism in international affairs, still used the methods of an historian to structure his text. Thus, he took a chronological approach to the evolving conflict between America and Europe over the preceding decade to intervention and mobilization. What was so interesting about this approach, first and foremost, for a student of American history, was that Divine showed the evolving conflict from an American perspective, even though America was not formerly involved in the war at the time. Usually, American history books focus merely upon the Great Depression during the period, prior to America's entry into World War II but after the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Divine did examine how the economic impact of the depression affected America's perceptions as an international diplomatic actor and reactor."

Tags:conflict, policy, isolationism, europe

Abstract
The war aims of the belligerents in World War One are diverse and complex. This paper will consider them according to the following tripartite categorization: political, economic, and security issues. It will be shown that although the different belligerents may have differed in the emphasis each one placed on the different categories, they all shared essentially the same aims in the war: expression of nationalistic pride, the protection of national commerce, and the security of their nations against the belligerence of other states.

Tags:belligerents, world, war

Abstract
This paper argues that, most of the time, Canada was a loyal ally of the U.S. during the first three decades of the Cold War. The paper also argues, however that, in the period from 1968 to 1975, Canada deviated from America in substantial ways because of a more belligerent form of nationalism and because of the desire of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to carve for himself a distinctive path in Canadian political history. The paper concludes that Canada may have failed to "tow the line" on occasion, but its record as an ally of Washington's is a strong one, especially during the late 1940s, 1950s and most of the 1960s.

From the Paper
"In the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s, Canada's contribution to continental air security extended beyond simply being a welcome cushion for America in the event of an all-out war. Firstly, Canada erected, maintained and operated the Mid-Canada or McGill Radar Warning Line - an installation that paralleled the complex US Pine Tree System. The existence of the Mid-Canada Radar Warning Line says a couple things about Canada during this period: firstly, it says that Canada was willing to expend large sums of money on a defense project that would benefit America as well as the Dominion."

Tags:prerequisite sovereignty asymmetry, domestic opposition, self-interest

Abstract
This paper looks at the United States and speculates about what coalition of states might form which will have sufficient power to oppose America if it elects to become belligerent. Specifically, this paper will argue that the most likely culprits in an anti-American coalition are China and India inasmuch as their combined GDP comes dangerously close to the GDP of America; as well, these nations can draw upon their proximity to Russia - and, thus, anti-American jealousy and resentment in that former Cold War adversary - to enlist that country into battle against America.

From the Paper
"This paper looks at the United States and speculates about what coalition of states might form which will have sufficient power to oppose America if it elects to become belligerent. Specifically, this paper will argue that the most likely culprits in an anti-American coalition are China and India inasmuch as their combined GDP comes dangerously close to the GDP of America; as well, these nations can draw upon their proximity to Russia - and, thus, anti-American jealousy and resentment in that former Cold War adversary - to enlist that country into battle against America. In the..."

Tags:gdp, state, power

Abstract
This paper reports on problems with violence against gays in the military and in everyday life, explaining that it is basically a "hate crime", but does not receive the same status in all areas of the country. The author points out that one of several reasons offered why a person might develop a belligerent attitude toward gay people is the Freudian notion that, since all children have repressed yet strong attractions to their "same-sex parent", later in life the male individual puts up a defense against that attraction in the form of hatred towards men who engage in homosexual activities. The paper explains that other reasons are that anti-gay persons are not likely to have had any personal contact with gays and that many gay "bashers" have grown up with parents and church influences that identify gays as mentally ill child molesters.

Table of Contents
Introduction
Literature Review

From the Paper
"Van Der Meer describes most violent perpetrators in Western cultures as having had a "rite of passage" that takes three phases. The first, he doesn't "give a shit about anything," rejects parental leadership, and feels as if he is a "nobody"; the second phase is the "liminal period," the so-called "group solidarity" during which he is "forced to participate." The group may begin in a bar simply joking about gays, then actually see one, and while attacking a gay man, nobody in the group can back out lest he be rejected from the solidarity."

Tags:freudian, parents, army, bible, research

Abstract
The paper also argues that Canada in the period 1968-1975 deviated from America in substantial ways because of a more belligerent form of nationalism and because of the desire of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to carve for himself a distinctive path in Canadian political history. The paper points out that ironically, Trudeau's regime, obstinate though it was in opposing America on a number of issues, was never wholly prepared to denounce some of the chief tenets of Cold War Thinking - such as the desire for some kind of nuclear deterrent against the Soviets. In the end, the paper concludes that Canada may have failed to "tow the line" on occasion, but its record as an ally of Washington's is a strong one - especially so during the late 1940s, 1950s, and most of the 1960s.

From the Paper
"The following paper will argue that, for the most part, Canada was a loyal ally of America's during the first three decades of the Cold War. However, the paper will also argue that Canada in the period 1968-1975 deviated from America in substantial ways because of a more belligerent form of nationalism and because of the desire of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau to carve for himself a distinctive path in Canadian political history. Ironically, Trudeau's regime, obstinate though it was in opposing America on a number of issues, was never wholly prepared to denounce some of the..."

Tags:canada, america, relations

Abstract
The focus of this paper is the pivotal period between the 1850s and the 1920s when the rates of Chinese immigration to America and Canada were at their highest. It considers which country had the more belligerent West by examining the ideas, legislation and practicalities that formed the Chinese experience in California and British Columbia between 1850 and 1930. It also examines the perception of the Chinese newcomers by Canadians and Americans, the social experiences of the Chinese in settling into their new homes and the economic experiences they had in trying to make ends meet in the face of barriers that both federal and state/provincial governments had made.

From the Paper
"Whilst historians of the American and Canadian Wests have focused their attention on the working lives of men in cities and in the mines, studies of Chinese womens' experiences have tended to be treated as a separate topic. In 1986 historian Anne Butler pointed out that women's history was lacking in an examination of the experiences of 'Oriental' women. This may be partially due to the absence of writings on Chinese women in California and British Columbia in the nineteenth century and for much of the twentieth century. Indeed, Judy Yung has commented that "life under exclusion [...has...] necessitated a pact of silence among Chinese immigrants about their past.""

Tags:california, chinatown, columbia, gold, historiography, indenture, mines, prostitution, racism, railways, riots, vancouver

Abstract
This paper argues that the phenomenon of "total war", the total mobilization of the human, economic, and material resources of belligerent nations for the total destruction of the enemy, was born on the Western Front in World War I with the convergence of science, technology, and ambitious war plans. Discusses the war plans of the Germans, British, and French, the industrial mobilization in the combative nations, and the different forms of warfare developed and implemented.

From the Paper
"No single event shaped the 20th century as The Great War. The blazing guns of August in 1914 created a new world order and a new standard by which modern wars were fought, phrased by German General Erich Ludendorff in 1935 as der totale kreig, or total war. This phenomenon was the unlimited warfare waged as a result of the total mobilization of the human, economic and material resources of belligerent nations. In many ways the totality of WWI was born as synthesis of the independent developments in technology and industry, military organization and planning, and the breakdown of diplomacy that had evolved over time and wars, aligning themselves by 1914 to produce a war of attrition that would leave its mark on the remainder of the new century."

Tags:attrition, great, ludendorff, plan, schlieffen, trench, warfare

Abstract
This paper states that never before in history has a man violated as many legal obligations as Saddam Hussein; therefore, 1991 Persian Gulf War has become one of the most significant international events of all time. The author points out that the most obvious violation made by Saddam Hussein was in waging a war of aggression against Kuwait. The paper relates that Iraq violated many treaties such as the United Nations and the Pact of the League of Arab States, all of the Security Council's Resolutions and many laws of war, neutrality and belligerent occupation including carrying out a sneak attack, missile terror attacks against civilian populations, the mistreatment of prisoners of war and finally environmental terrorism.

From the Paper
"Another violation of the laws of wars committed by Iraq in the Gulf War was the mistreatment of the prisoners of war. All of the United States armed forces that were taken prisoner by Iraq were mistreated to some degree which is more violations by Iraq under the Geneva Convention Relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War. CNN aired footage on January 20, 1991 of American and other prisoners of war that claimed that there was definite mistreatment of them at the hands of the Iraqi's. This mistreatment goes against Article 13 of the Geneva Convention that states, "Prisoners of war must at all times be humanely treated....Likewise, prisoners of war must at all times be protected, particularly against acts of violence or intimidation and against insults and public curiosity." The fact that these prisoners of war were shown on CNN, the worldwide news program situated at the center of the Gulf Crisis, shows that article 13 was violated since the prisoners were not protected against public curiosity."

Tags:scud, un, treaties, kuwait, resolutions

Abstract
The paper analyzes the ancient texts; the "Art of War" and "The Wisdom of the Desert" in terms of their underlying philosophies and concludes that it is evident that they share a number of philosophical similarities. The paper offers the example that they are both manuals on the conduct of warfare which focus on the spiritual, psychological and intellectual aspects of human conflict. The paper explains that although the "Art of War" pertains to physical warfare as well, it is founded upon higher Chinese moral philosophy and personal introspection which makes it applicable to many non-belligerent activities, including moral choices and daily-life situations.

Tags:art, of, war