Abstract
This paper explains that all snakes have evolved many antipredator behaviors to escape predation; however, venomous snakes employ a wider variety of antipredator behaviors than nonvenomous snakes. Next, the author looks at the similar and different distinct antipredator behaviors of the family of elapidae snake, such as cobras, kraits, coral snakes and sea snakes and the family of Viperidae snakes, such as vipers and pitvipers. The paper concludes that, because venom is usually the last resort for defense in both elapidae and viperidae snakes, their other defensive behaviors, for example hissing and false strikes, may not be related to their venomous nature. This paper includes figures.

From the Paper
"Two species of elapid snakes in Australia, Cryptophis nigrescens and Hoplocephalus bungaroides, are highly venomous and occur over a large area. Both are nocturnal, hide under rocks during the day and prey mainly on lizards. However, their foraging behaviors are different which led to the evolution of different antipredator responses. A study done by Llewelyn, Webb and Shine (2010) found that the small-eyed snake (C. nigrescens) and the broad-headed snake (H. bungaroides) both use flight, bluff, and crypsis as antipredator defense behaviors. Since both species are nocturnal they both demonstrate more effective behavior at night."

Tags:resistance effectiveness crypsis, prestrike displays, hiss

Abstract
This paper critically analyzes and reviews a 2007 study published in the "Journal of Preventive Medicine", entitled "Patterns and Correlates of Physical Activity and Nutrition Behaviors in Adolescents" by Sanchez, et. al. According to the paper, the study demonstrates that there are marked differences along ethnic lines in how adolescents exercise and get nutrition The study's purpose was to determine the prevalence, clustering, and correlates of multiple adolescent health behaviors to assist in informing the design of health promotion interventions.

From the Paper
"A 2007 study published in the Journal of Preventive Medicine, entitled "Patterns and Correlates of Physical Activity and Nutrition Behaviors in Adolescents" demonstrates that there are marked differences along ethnic lines in how adolescents exercise and get nutrition (Sanchez, Norman, Sallis, Calfas, Cella and Patrick, 2007). The study's purpose, as stated, was to determine the "prevalence, clustering, and correlates of multiple adolescent health behaviors" to assist in informing the "design of health promotion interventions" (124). The study examined a significant sample of..."

Tags:nutrition, ethnicity, health

Abstract
The paper explores the literature on why adolescents are susceptible to suicidal, high risk and self-harm behaviors. The paper looks at the differences between the genders in the rate of suicide cases and also points out the opportunity kids have of viewing entertainment that glamorizes risk-taking and self-harming behaviors. The paper demonstrates how self-injury and suicidality are serious issues for adolescents as they seek to navigate through the sometimes shockingly adult situations they face on a daily basis. This paper contains a figure.

From the Paper
"It has often been said that the teenagers of today grow up too fast, that their lives become mirrors of adult life rapidly as they begin working and managing their own time. Many people also claim that there are very limited opportunities for the young person to experience rites of passage that allow them to be embraced by the community in which they live and accepted as an adult and that in the past these opportunities have been present and available to young people and their families. Adolescents live within the context of a culture and lifestyle that can be emotionally overwhelming. The environment of teens is rampant with exposure to stressors such as high or low expectations, parental disapproval, parental miscommunication, drugs, alcohol, driving, violence, the pressure of images and posturing as well as many other mitigating factors. All of these environmental factors in conjunction with the fact that adolescent brains are not yet fully formed and are much more likely to allow the individual to engage in risk taking behaviors. According to many experts some of the most troubling trends in adolescence are increased incidence of self-harm and suicidality."

Tags:self-injury, suicide, gender, depression, teenagers

Abstract
The paper describes and provides a critique regarding an article that discusses the role of high-risk behaviors in those diagnosed with HIV, who also possess problems with substance abuse of a variety of types. The paper explains that it is expected that treatment options are a limited factor in the reduction of these risky behaviors in HIV-infected adults.

From the Paper
"The incidence of negative behaviors in individuals that have been diagnosed with HIV is quite extensive in many cases, particularly when there are many existing challenges that these individuals face, including alcoholism and other related problems (Palepu et al., 2004). A wide body of research suggests that there are many concerns regarding high-risk behaviors, such as sexual activity and drug use, which pose a number of problems for these individuals (Palepu et.al, 2004). The following discussion will evaluate the study objectives and the overall effectiveness of this study and its influence on research related to this topic. The proposed study attempted to identify the various risks associated with negative behaviors in those that had been diagnosed with HIV, based upon a prior history of alcoholism within the individual's life (Palepu et al., 2004)."

Tags:article, critique, hiv

Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of understanding the cultural aspects of healthcare-seeking behaviors in a given region and how that can help both practitioners and consumers alike improve the process and provide improved quality of care. The paper also provides a critical review of five recent journal articles concerning the cultural diversity that characterizes Appalachia and discusses the relevant healthcare- seeking behaviors identified among people living there and how they are best dealt with.

Table of Contents:
Review and Analysis
Summary and Conclusion

From the Paper
"Throughout the country, studies have also shown time and again that age and ethnicity are also important indicators of what types of health seeking behaviors people will tend to pursue. For example, in 1999, 42.1 million non-elderly people were without health insurance in the United States; while there were more white, non-Hispanic people among the uninsured in terms of total numbers because they make up a greater percentage of the population, as a group they are also less likely to be uninsured. Likewise, among all Hispanic Americans, 35 percent are uninsured; among non-Hispanic African Americans, 22.8 are without insurance and almost one-third (32.8 percent) of Native Americans and Alaska Natives do not have any type of health insurance today (Giffords et al., 2005). Furthermore, among Asian/Pacific Islander Americans, the probability of being without health insurance is 22 percent. For white non-Hispanic adults this likelihood is 12.7 percent compared with 17.5 percent in the general population; the authors conclude that, "Racial and ethnic minority groups' lack of access to health services and barriers to the health system infrastructure and information result in consistent disparities in race and ethnic health statistics" (p. 213)."

Tags:care, poverty, patients

Abstract
This paper discusses the Health Believe Model, developed by Hochbaum, Kegels and Rosenstock, which is a systematic method to explain and predict preventive health behavior, focusing on the relationship of health behaviors, practices and the utilization of health services and general health motivation for distinguishing illness and sick-role behavior from health behavior. The author constructed a structured interview protocol in which the interviewee was asked several questions about her health and provided with set responses from which to choose. The paper reported that the interviewee Ms. C indicated that her two strongest barriers were "inconvenience" and "expense". Questionnaire included.

Table of Contents
Introduction
The Health Belief Model
Structured Interview
Analysis and Discussion of Findings
Researcher-Designed Health Belief Questionnaire

From the Paper
"Ms. C is a 35 year old woman who works as a supervisor for a major telephone company. She works during the day and is taking a business administration class at night. She hopes the class will help to foster a promotion in the company. She also works a good deal of overtime and is very devoted to her job. Regarding her responses to the structured interview, the first topic that can be discussed is the Health Belief Model's notion of "perceived susceptibility." Ms. C rated her health as "good;" however, when she was asked to indicate how likely she believed it was that she might experience a condition that could adversely affect her health, she rated it as "likely" and discussed being worried about her health because of her hectic schedule."

Tags:inconvenience, expense, questionnaire, prevention, method

Abstract
This paper describes the ways in which the gods' behaviors and attitudes change within Book 1 of Ovid's "Metamorphosis." The focus is on the gods' inconsistencies and wide-ranging emotions and actions, with a lasting thread of selfishness at the heart of the gods' choices. The king of the gods, Jove, and one of his sons, Apollo, are considered here.

From the Paper
"As Ovid describes them in his Metamorphosis, the gods move through cycles of love and wrath. One trait is constant, however, throughout this text: the selfishness of the gods. Initially, through the story of "Creation" and "The Flood," the emotions of the gods range from benign indifference to immense fury. Later in the text, in contrast, in the multiple stories that follow the prelude in Book One of Metamorphosis, the love that spurs the gods' actions is a physical love, or lust, based on the desire of a male god for a female figure. This desire can be mixed with anger itself,..."

Tags:ovid, gods, metamorphosis

Abstract
In this paper, the writer discusses that the misogyny of Hamlet's behaviors in this play occur due to his inability to find strong female role models, but also because of his ghostly father's patriarchal influence. The writer points out that in this capacity, Hamlet finds himself abandoned by the female figures he adored previous to his father's death, but he extends this misogynist hatred to embody all of womankind. The writer discusses that by following the guidelines set by the ghost at the beginning of the play, hamlet follows a generalized misogyny towards the women in the play.

Tags:hamlet, play, drama

Abstract
This paper analyzes the sexism of patriarchal behaviors that were present in the historical period after World War II. It then compares this how they have changed in modern times, as portrayed within the play, "A Streetcar Named Desire," written by Tennessee Williams. The paper analyzes the roles of both men and women in the play in order to examine patriarchal dominance.

From the Paper
"A modern woman in the feminist perspective would certainly be offended at Stanley's 'lordly' patriarchal values, which would have the woman only be a servant to his domestic needs. The contrast in this scene with modernity in the roles between men and women would be defined through a feminist construct, enabling women to defy commands and overtly sexist demands that Stanley makes to Stella. In this manner, Stanley becomes the patriarchal figure that would not be tolerated in the 21st century, but within the context of the post World War II era, he is able to incite sexism and machismo in the cultural context of the returning soldiers and their behaviors toward women as objects for their servitude in the home. In this manner, the greatly contrasting choices that feminism brought in the 1970s until modern times has changed the way that women react toward sexist men, providing them with a choice to follow or reject these patriarchal behaviors that Stanley epitomizes in the play."

Tags:modernity, values, perspectives

Abstract
This paper presents a research analysis that aims to investigate the relationship between sexual motivation, erotophobia-erotophilia and depression with sexually risky behaviors in men who have sex with men (MSM) who are frequent patients at a clinic. The study seeks to survey patients with two or more visits per year with or without sexually transmitted disease symptoms. It aims to identify the relationship between sexual motivation and the degree of sexual risk the participants are willing to accept. The paper contains tables listing specific studies and their findings.

Table of Contents:
Chapter 1: Introduction
Statement of the Problem
Purpose of Study
Importance of Study
Scope of Study
Rationale of Study
Overview of Study
Chapter 2: Literature Review
Chapter 3: Methodology
Description of the Study Approach
Data-gathering Method and Database of Study
Chapter 4: Summary, Conclusions and Recommendations

From the Paper
"Not surprisingly, men with STDs may find reassurance and support from others similarly situated. In this regard, a growing body of literature has confirmed the direct beneficial consequences of social support on the psychological well-being of HIV-infected and at-risk gay men (Karus, Raveis & Siegel, 1997). According to these authors, "Perceived available social support has been found to be associated with less psychological distress and lower levels of depression in samples of gay and bisexual men at-risk of AIDS, asymptomatic HIV-infected gay men, and HIV-infected men at various stages of the disease progression. Perceived emotional support was also shown to be positively associated with global well-being, life satisfaction, and hopefulness in a sample of gay men who were long-term AIDS survivors" (p. 395). The satisfaction reported for the support received from these groups has also been found to be directly correlated with depression in samples of gay men living with HIV/AIDS (Karus et al., 1997)."

Tags:erotophobia, erotophilia, STD, depression, HIV, gay