Abstract
This paper argues in favor of a combination of quantitative and qualitative data when evaluating cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) programs. Qualitative research methods are presented in the essay, including self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing. This is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practice, while the quantitative methods investigate the research methods of CBT in theory. Various approaches to evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods are examined in the paper in order to encourage therapists to evaluate CBT program with extreme care.

Outline:
Single-case Experimental Designs (SCEDs
Qualitative Evaluation
Self-Report Questionnaires and Rating Scales
Observational Measures
Time Sampling
Self-Observation
Interviewing
Quantitative Evaluation
Meta-Analysis
Control Groups
Conclusions
References
Table 1
Questionnaires Frequently used in CBT
Table 2
Types of Control Group Used in CBT Outcome Studies.

From the Paper
"In a many Counselling and Psychotherapy studies, research is often conducted through qualitative evaluation (attempts to assess what kind of change has occurred), rather than with quantitative methods, (deciding how much change has occurred). Conversely, CBT has, until quite recently, been dominated by the latter consideration (Ward, et al., 2000). At various points in this essay I will argue for a combination of quantitative and qualitative data as the sensible basis of evaluation for example with single-case experimental designs. Qualitative research methods discussed in this essay are: self-report questionnaires and rating scales, observational measures and interviewing, this is followed by a discussion on quantitative methods, which will include meta-analysis and control groups. The qualitative methods dealt with in this essay will focus mainly on the research methods of CBT in clinical practise, while the quantitative methods will investigate primarily the research methods of CBT in theory. Various methods of evaluating CBT and issues arising from these methods will be handled in this essay to emphasize the need for therapists to choose methods of evaluating CBT programmes with extreme care."

Tags:cognitive, behavioral, therapy, CBT, clinical, practice, theory, measures

Abstract
In this article, the writer presents the topic of cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance abuse treatment. The writer notes that the major concepts of the theory are applied to a case study.

From the Paper
"The following presents the topic of cognitive-behavioral therapy for substance abuse treatment. Major concepts of the theory are applied to a case study. Information from peer-reviewed articles is used to support the assumptions and theory in this case study. Multicultural perspectives are included in the theory. The specific case study includes a Native-American with substance abuse issues."

Tags:Cognitive-Behavioral, Therapy, Substance Abuse, Treatment

Abstract
This paper reviews a study that explored the impact of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and the school success of students with anxiety disorders. The author presented the study's hypothesis and methodology. The paper also detailed the population that was used for the study. Finally the reviewer gave the conclusions of the study, which showed that CBT therapy over time will decrease overall anxiety in school children.

Outline:
Research Question
Hypothesis
Methodology
Sample
Results/Findings
Conclusion
Overall Effectiveness
Source Used

From the Paper
"Finally, the sample size creates limitations on the generability of the results. Although the results did have overwhelming numbers, a sample size of 38 is inadequate to appropriate to other populations. However, it does raise awareness for educators and parents alike that school and social problems may have a root with an anxiety disorder and that it should not be discounted before an official diagnosis can discount such a cause."

Tags:cognitive, beharioral, therapy, school, success, anxiety, disorders

Abstract
The paper describes the situation of Ms. Rivera, a forty-two-year old Hispanic single mother who was struggling with high levels of stress from being a parent and a caretaker of an elderly mother. The paper explains how cognitive behavioral therapy involves uncovering unrealistic and unproductive thoughts on the part of the client that produce negative and self-subverting behavioral patterns. The paper then looks at the application of cognitive behavioral therapy to this case and offers examples of the types of probing questions that would help in lessening the stress and guilt Ms. Rivera felt about caring for her home and her mother. The paper also shows how lessening Ms. Rivera's stresses improved her eating patterns.

From the Paper
"Ms. Rivera is a forty-two-year old Hispanic single mother who has taken on the responsibilities of caring for her two teenage children and elderly mother with virtually no outside economic aid and who has no emotional support structures in her own life. She works a part-time job at a local supermarket with few promotional possibilities. She sought counseling for two basic issues: the high levels of stress in her life, and her difficulty in maintaining a healthy weight. Ms. Rivera said she often ate because of the high levels of stress and responsibilities she was coping with as a parent and a caretaker of an elderly individual."

Tags:thoughts, behavior, goals

Abstract
This paper discusses and analyzes rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT) and the theory behind it. It looks at the three angles from which this therapy approaches the emotional healing process. The paper also discusses the therapist's role in REBT. The paper then presents a case study of a person who presents with depression and discusses how an REBT approach can help her.

Table of Contents:
The Presenting Problem
Case Formulation
Treatment Recommendations

From the Paper
"Self-monitoring is only part of the process. Ellis states that people who have PTSD, such as WWII survivors, must deal with the primary and secondary dysfunctional thoughts that come with the trauma. Primary thoughts involve the client belief in being able to prevent the trauma from occurring. Secondary dysfunctional thoughts involve symptom stress that occurs during periods of upset. Symptom stress is created by the client, for the most part (Ellis, 2001, pp. 390-391). These steps will help bring the client into a more balanced state of mind. A client is considered "cured" when the basic "absolutistic" and "self-downing" behaviors are under control or have disappeared."

Tags:behavior, cognitive, dysfunctional

Abstract
This paper provides a detailed examination of some newer applications of cognitive behavioral therapy, including the treatment of psychosis. The paper notes that a few years ago, most psychologists and psychiatrists were pessimistic about the possibility of helping psychotic patients other than by drug treatment. When applied to psychosis, the paper explains, cognitive therapy (CT) is based on the same principles that apply for standard cognitive therapy for emotional disorders. The paper also discusses the use of cognitive behavioral therapy in treating alcohol dependence, particularly in the elderly. The paper concludes that future directions should also include a consideration of the possible side-effects of cognitive therapy. Normalizing cognitive therapy hopefully minimizes side-effects, but problems such as stigmatization, pathologizing the variety of human experience and increased short-term distress remain possibilities.

Outline:
Question 1
Introduction
Trauma-Based Strategies
Behavioural Reattribution
Behavioural Experiments
Treatment Phases
Conclusion
Question 2
Treatment of Alcohol Misuse
Studies of Moderation-Orientated Treatment
Works Cited

From the Paper
"Behavioural experiments are central to effective CT for psychosis. Beliefs about voices and delusional ideas are frequently translatable into testable hypotheses that can be collaboratively investigated by patient and therapist. Behavioural experiments should be designed very carefully to ensure a 'no-lose' outcome (Wessler, 1986). Predictions should be stated in a concrete way, and the possible results should be reviewed in advance to ensure that the outcome is meaningful and will not be dismissed or accommodated within the problematic belief system. Examples of behavioural experiments include the use of activity scheduling to evaluate beliefs about the consequences of activity or the lack of pleasure (which can be helpful for negative symptoms) or exposure to feared situations in order to evaluate beliefs about voices or paranoid ideas (Wessler, 1986)."

Tags:alcoholic, psychotic, substance, elderly

Abstract
The paper explains that rational emotive behavioral therapy is based on the idea that our thoughts or inner dialog is what affects our behavior. It focuses on our perceptions of our environment and experiences instead of our environment and experiences themselves. The paper discusses how the rational emotive behavioral therapy process can consist of two basic steps. Irrational thoughts are identified and then the client is instructed to begin replacing these thoughts with more rational, healthier thoughts. The paper concludes that rational emotive behavioral therapy is a step towards individuals taking responsibility for their own dysfunctions, providing them with a solid ground from which to work towards positive change.

From the Paper
"This therapy was innovative at its conception because of its focus on internal as opposed to external locus. One of the most effective elements of this therapy is that it provided a much stronger feeling of control for the patient undergoing Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy because it allows them to believe that they have power over their dysfunction behavior by taking responsibility for the problems. Though the process is often extremely difficult, the concept is simple: If you have a problem, change your thinking about the problem and it will go away."

Tags:cognitive, dysfunction, thought, responsibility

Abstract
This paper explains that, as a therapist, the writer prefers to focus on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) because this approach encourages counselors to be honest with clients as well as with themselves. The overall goals of counseling and the characteristics of the client-counselor relationship are presented in the paper. The writer describes that CBT procedures of open therapy, active talking and other ways to overcome the perceived maladjustment of the client.

Table of Contents:
Beliefs about Personality
Goals of Counseling Process
My Function as a Therapist
Characteristics of Client-Counselor Relationship
Procedures and Techniques

From the Paper
"The overall goal is the recovery of the client. Recovery is about counseling, but it is also about empowerment. Counseling can also help individuals with their problems and overcoming adversity, but as seen, a lot of the goals of the process focus mainly on recovery based interventions as a primary way of treating a given disorder, rather than counseling or pharmacology. Recovery is less concerned from this perspective, with treating the episodes and preventing them effectively than it is with helping the individual cope with their disorder in terms of dealing with problems in life that are created by it."

Tags:regulation, recovery, empowerment, process, empathy

Abstract
This paper discusses how, with nicotine addiction and interventions aimed a smoking cessation, cognitive and behavioral strategies must recognize the degree of physiological and psychological addiction that impact on smoking cessation. It looks at how cognitive-behavioral therapy can be highly effective, but normally must be used in combination with pharmacotherapy and an adequate social support. The paper also looks at how quitting smoking is a matter of attempting to overcome a complex and addictive behavior which is shaped by potent physical, social, and emotional considerations.

From the Paper
"Walsh and Redman (1997) were concerned with women's cessation of smoking during pregnancy. The control group received health education related to the benefits of quitting smoking. The experimental group was given standard risk information and four packets of gum. An incentive in the form of a monetary prize was offered, and social support was ensured by a friend. Because of the reinforcement provided by the incentive, the rates of quitting proved to be much higher among the experimental group, and were just the same as if extensive health education had been made available. However, the disadvantage of the experimental group was related to cost since the incentives involved far more money than was required by the control group. "

Tags:nicotine, addiction

Abstract
This paper describes Albert Ellis' rational emotive behavioral therapy (REBT). The author presents the case of client, David Youngblood, a 65-year-old retired, recently widowed, white male, who has no support network. The paper relates that the client has stated that he has guilt feelings of surviving his wife and that he has had thoughts of suicide.The paper concludes that REBT, the most assertive form of treatment, is needed because it can identify irrational thoughts and can encompass numerous therapeutic techniques.

Table of Contents:
Introduction
Background of the Client
Theoretical Approach
Interventions
Multicultural/Diversity Sensitivity
Conclusion

From the Paper
"The elderly population of the United States is increasing by vast proportions due to the baby boomer generation, which will create the largest elderly generation the country has ever known. As part of this vast social group, Mr. Youngblood has developed his own ideas about his life and the responses that he should have to life based on ideas that are specific to this population. It is apparent that these ideas have likely come from many sources and that they have evolved over the life span."

Tags:activating beliefs, rational mindset, suicide, irrational ideas