Abstract This paper looks at behavioraltheory and how it can be applied to writing instructional objectives. It explains how behavioraltheory was derived and its relationship to classical conditioning.
From the Paper "Behavioral theory assumes that leaders are made not born. Behavioral theories of leadership do not look for inborn traits or capabilities in an individual, but rather they look for what leaders actually do. If the success of leaders can be defined in terms of the describable actions of a person, then it should not be difficult for other people to act in the same way. This gives something concrete to teach and learn rather than relying on ephemeral notions of'traits' and capabilities', which are only vaguely..."
Abstract The paper outlines the main principles of the person-centered theory and the cognitive behavioraltheory. The paper focuses on the concepts of the person-centered theory and discusses the microskills and techniques that students would expect to be effective with this theory.
Outline:
Objective
Person-Centered Theory Cognitive BehavioralTheory Microskills and Effective Techniques
From the Paper "This theory was developed by Carl Rogers, an American psychologist who practiced in the 1930s and is a type of therapy that has as its goal the fostering of the client in cohesion of the idealized and actual self of the client. This therapy also has the goal of the client gaining a better understanding of 'self' as well as lowering the client's levels of "defensiveness, guilt, and insecurity" (Person-Centered Therapy, nd) Other goals in this therapy include the client gaining a more positive outlook in relationships and as well focuses on the client gaining an increase in the capacity to "experience and express feelings at the moment" (Person-Centered Therapy, nd) in which the feelings actually occur."
Abstract The paper examines how, to integrate the behavioraltheory in the classroom, the student and the teacher must first interact with one another by defining goals and objectives in the form of modifying behavior. The paper discusses how Abraham Maslow maintains that students learn by being 'empowered' and by having control over the learning process. The paper further examines how implementing this approach into the classroom setting would be a difficult endeavor in most instances.
From the Paper "The teacher and other students could then provide feedback about the specific performance, and would therefore reinforce the learning process, ie; move the information from the short-term memory to the long-term memory.
The humanistic theory takes a different approach than both the cognitive and the behavioral theories. The humanistic perspective is on the self, it is you, your perception of your experiences."
Tags: safety, love, belonging, achievement, performance, disseminating, information
Abstract The paper explores the concepts and techniques in Carl Rogers' client-centered approach to therapy and in cognitive-behavioraltheory. The paper also highlights the main differences between these two theoretical approaches to therapy.
From the Paper "Person centered theory has been established by Carl Rogers inside the humanistic approach in psychotherapy. Humanism has been termed by Bugental (1964) the 'Third Force' of therapy views, along with the psychoanalytic and behavioral views. Humanism is essentially concerned with emphasizing the worth of the individual and the centrality of human values. The most important theorists of this approach are: Carl Rogers, Abraham Maslow, Frederick Perls, Victor Frankl and so on."
Abstract This paper explains that goals and two intermediate objectives of Aggression Replace Training (ART), which "operationalizes" cognitive behavioraltheory. The author outlines the essential procedures of the training program for ART. The paper designates several process measurements.
From the Paper "The high incidence of violence especially among youth in American society is of great concern to citizens, lawmakers and law-enforcement agencies. The costs of the problems are staggering."
Abstract In this article, the writer relates that, for years, psychologists have studied how individual human beings make decisions; how men and women process information, pool their ideas and arrive at workable solutions to problems. Further, the writer notes that behavioral psychologists analyze and quantify the full range of cognitive processes. The writer then points out that a corporation ultimately arrives at its decisions in much the same way as an individual, or collection of individuals. In addition, the writer maintains that the successful business is not static in its organization; rather it is a learning organization. The writer concludes that success is based on continued learning and working together.
From the Paper "Change is the new constant. Old ideas and methods must give way to new challenges if today's businesses are to survive in a global environment. Globalism demands an ability to adapt to rapidly changing circumstances; a talent for understanding different cultures; for working in different legal and regulatory environments. A company must be able to employ the latest technology and the most qualified personnel. A modern learning organization is shaped by its organizational behavioral paradigm."
"The significance of change, and the concomitant importance of adapting to that change, makes the behavioral structure of a successful modern business much like the behavioral mindset of a successful entrepreneur - the main difference being that the first is an organization, while the second is an individual."
Abstract In this article, the writer discusses that addictive behavior is a process that is initiated by certain motivational factors and causative features. The writer maintains that the use of psychological theories to describe and analyze these motivational patterns of behavior is essential in order to understand and create preventative strategies to combat addiction. In this essay, various theories of motivation are used to explain the addictive syndrome. These include cognitive and behavioraltheories as well as socio-psychological and other theoretical stances. The pleasure principle and motivation towards fulfillment and self-efficacy and the search for excitement are also dealt with in relation to disinhibition theories of motivation. These are discussed to provide a clear and integrated overview of the central motivational theories that lead to and maintain addictive behavior. The writer concludes that the various theories of motivation are important points of departure in the alleviation and the reduction of the negative outcomes of addictive behavior in society.
Outline:
Abstract
Introduction
Overview of the Motivational Theories and Addiction
Sensation and Experience Seeking
Opponent Processes
Developmental Theories Summation and Conclusion
From the Paper "Motivation is one of the complex aspects of our psychological makeup. The reason why we do certain things and the causative factors that influence human behavior and actions are often seemingly mysterious and even irrational. Various theories of motivation can be applied to views of addictive behavior, and especially to harmful and potentially deadly addictions such as some forms of drug abuse.
"Drug addiction and abuse has a long and complex history in human society with regard to individual and social developments and actions. Drugs and their effects on the mind and consciousness states of experience can be traced back to the origins of human history."
A discussion on cognitive behavioraltheories and an examination of the author's personal theory of psychology and approach to client-therapist relationships.
Abstract This paper looks at the author's foundation theories in a multi-modal treatment of the client's mental problems. The paper examines how, if the root of a problem is found in early childhood, and has expressed itself then or later in an adult, then the author may treat the condition with the techniques of K. Egan and other cognitive-behavioraltheories.The paper includes an analysis of Egan's theory and a brief overview of cognitive-behavioraltheories. The author displays his own preferences for how he would approach the client-therapist relationship.
From the Paper "The Egan model is particularly helpful for clients who are still in the early stages of personality development, especially younger people. This model helps him or her work on things in the recent past or in the present. The next step would be to choose the strategy that is best for him or her. Finding their particular talents, resources, style, temperament, and timetable is a valuable exercise for the future. It involves asking: "What actions are best for me?" It might mean introducing the idea of strategy, and to involving the client creating a list of pros and cons of possible results of different actions."
Abstract This paper presents a history of B.F. Skinner's theory of behaviorism. The paper then contrasts Skinner's theory with Freud's theory and combines it with the interpersonal model to explain adolescent development.
From the Paper "The following research paper presents B.F. Skinner and the history of his behavior theory. Skinner's theory is contrasted with Freud's theory and combined with the interpersonal model to explain the development of adolescents and personality Skinner's theory is then applied to the mental health nursing field. Findings are applied to a black male child."
Abstract This paper investigates a few theories which together make up a new theory explaining criminality. This synthesized theory makes statements such as that behaviors and personalities are inherited and that a person should just accept it. The author illustrates how the importance lies in the combination of all the theories taught previously.
From the Paper "The second part of the nature vs. nurture theory suggests that behaviors and personality traits are nurtured, or encouraged through a series of events?whether good or bad. The second element of the "synthesized theory" says that when those two theories are combined with a new theory, such as studying generations of criminals, we have an entirely different approach to dealing with crime. This new "synthesized theory" can be named "generational studies" for the purpose of discussion."
Abstract This paper reviews the articles by Allan Kaplan, Christopher Fairburn, Roz Shafran, and Zafria Cooper. Kaplans article serves as a literature review of various therapies including cognitive behavioraltheory, while the articles by Fairburn, Shafran and Cooper focus on how cognitive therapy works for people with anorexia nervosa.
From the Paper "What is the best way to treat anorexia nervosa? Is one type of treatment better than another one? Why should research be spent on anorexia nervosa? These are important questions because "research shows that about one percent of female adolescents have anorexia. That means that one out of every one hundred young women between ten and twenty are starving themselves, sometimes to death" (ANRED). Anorexia nervosa does not only affect young women, but it can affect children as young as five and any adult including men. With this thought in mind, it is important to study different types of treatment including cognitive behavior. "
Abstract The paper explores how classical conditioning, operant conditioning and social learning theory enable criminologists to design correctional programs that incorporate their underlying principles. The paper goes on to show how each offers fundamentally different principles for implementation into correctional programs. The paper concludes that operant conditioning principles are likely most useful in correctional institutions and social learning principles are more responsible for psychological socialization within society in general.
Outline:
Introduction
Operational Implementation of Classical Conditioning Principles
Operational Implementation of Operant Conditioning Principles
Operational Implementation of Social Learning Principles
From the Paper "In analyzing the psychological factors that contribute to criminal behavior, criminologists employ elements of different psychological theories of human behavior. Among these varied approaches, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social learning theory all seem to apply, although in different degrees and dependant on other components of psychological differences from one subject to another. Classical conditioning examines the mechanism of learned responses to repeated stimuli; operant conditioning focuses on the effect that positive and negative consequences have on future behavior; and social learning theory takes a more comprehensive view, according to which human beings emulate behavior modeled in countless observational experiences of other individuals (Gerrig & Zimbardo 2005)."
Abstract In this article, the writer looks at various learning theories. The writer discusses the subject of learning as both a process and product. The relation to behaviortheory is also examined in this paper. The writer looks at the views of Skinner and others. Further, the writer discusses learning and social constructivism.
From the Paper "What is learning and how do human beings learn? These questions have been asked and answered by diverse theories. The purpose of this paper is to describe and discuss some of the major theories of leaning. However as noted by Uljens, each theoretical orientation to learning has a somewhat different definition. In this regard, Uljens notes that learning has been defined as 'A cognitive process in which one acquires skill of knowledge'. A process by which relatively permanent changes occur in behavioral ... "
Abstract This paper presents a case study of a sixteen-year old girl who, along with two friends, has been charged with assault and fraud. The paper discusses Aker's social learning theory which operates on seven basic principles to explain criminal behavior and explores these principles. The paper then analyzes the general strain theory (GST) on criminal behavior. Finally, the paper integrates the theories and discusses how they apply to the case study.
Table of Contents:
Introduction: Joyce's Story
Theory Evaluation # 1 - Aker's Social Learning Theory Theory Evaluation #2 - General Strain Theory Theory Integration
Conclusion: Policy/Practice Implications
From the Paper "The theories work somewhat in addressing weaknesses in their complement. Aker's theory that criminal behavior is learned is refuted by research demonstrating that delinquent behavior proceeds criminal social attachments. GST would state this is because the cause of criminal behavior is emotional and is therefore the result of the individual, not the individual's peers (though this emotion is spurred by outside forces). GST's emphasis on emotive responses also explains why some crimes are not committed for material benefit - a factor Aker credits as instrumental in the crime process. GST's failure to acknowledge the higher proportion of male crimes (as compared to crimes committed by females) may be accounted for in Aker's theory of social learning and material benefit, but not enough research has been done on the topic to confirm this. Also, the simplicity implicit in GST and its inability to adequately distinguish between types of strain may be explained using Aker's Social Learning Theory. Perhaps some strains are linked to delinquency when there is an obvious benefit, and types strain not linked with crime may produce not obvious advantage for the individual."
Abstract In this article, the writer notes that the reasons behind risk taking behavior have baffled psychologists and sociologists for many years. This research explores new theories that might help to explain why people love to take risks. It revisits some of the older theories and adds insight into emerging philosophies on risk taking behavior. The proposed study takes into account current theories on risk taking behaviors, but focuses on Griffiths' psycho-evolutionary theory and its impact on risk taking theory. The writer examines several new theories including biophilia, intra-indigenous consciousness, theories in adventure education, and social disconnectedness. The paper also includes appendices, showing details of survey and an IQ test.
Outline:
Proposal
Introduction
Background and Underlying Theory The Emotional Response to Risk
The History of Risk Theory Evolutionary Perspectives
Modern Theories Psycho-evolutionary Theory Theoretical Basis of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Significance of the Study
Scope of the Study
Hypothesis
Methodology
Study Participants
Research Instrument
Procedure
Variables
Data Analysis
Limitations of the Study
Conclusion
Appendix I
Appendix II
Works Cited
From the Paper "People can be divided into risk takers, risk reducers and risk avoiders. This is termed as the person's risk orientation. Risk avoiders tend to avoid situations that they feel are risky. Risk reducers partake in an activity, but ignore, or refuse to acknowledge the risks involved. Risk takers appear to be attracted to the risks themselves and will participate in an activity because of the risks involved. It is this third category, risk takers that this research will be most concerned with. The purpose of this research will be to tie traditional theories about risk taking to the psychoevolutionary theory in order to examine the possibility of an evolutionary basis for the propensity towards engaging in risky behaviors."
